• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

D1​

• Some young people prefer to get together with those who are not cowards.
• They want to prove their strength by engaging in adventurous activities.
• I think it varies, depending on people.
• but others are physically old, so they can't go out to do adventurous activities.
• By doing adventurous activities, people can feel a sense of achievement.
• These challenging activities make them fully satisfied.
• In water activities, they should learn how to swim.
• In the case of outdoor activities like climbing, they should have strength, particularly in their arms.
• They can catch up with their friends by doing exciting things.
• Friendship makes people more active.
• They usually have more opportunities to meet others. This helps them avoid loneliness.

D2​

• one of the best players in his league.
• a member of the national team.
• According to the news, his salary is over 100 million dollars.

D3​

• They want to wake up by drinking coffee.
• In the morning, I always make hand-dripped coffee and take it when I go to the academy or work.
• There are coffee shops on every corner.
• If my friends are in trouble, I always try to call them and listen to their concerns.

D4​

• My parents always teach me to help others with a true heart.
• Actually, I don't need to explain, as she is my mother.
• When she cooked for me and my sister, and we finished eating the food and told her it was delicious, she was always happy.
• She has certificates for cooking, so I suppose she really enjoys cooking itself.

D5​

• People who have their own house are usually judged as successful.
• Individuals like Son Heung-min, who are popular and accomplished in their field, are generally considered successful.
• Some people consider others as successful based on their job.
• Success can be measured by different things, such as popularity, wealth, or occupation.
• Others may consider factors like occupation or popularity to be true measures of success.
• This is because it allows me to catch up with them and get updates.
• I share my exercise routine and daily activities, and I also send them pictures.
• Sometimes I prefer chatting with just one friend, especially if I need to share a secret.
• I'm a people person, so I prefer to meet my friends in person.
• but, I haven't argued with my friends recently.
• In fact, without luck or the right opportunities, hardworking people might fail to succeed.
• I think education plays an important role in achieving success.
• If someone is trying to get money from investors, having a good education can really help.
• Some people read movie reviews because they want to know how good or funny the movie is.
• By checking reviews, they can better decide which movie to watch.
• Reviewers can only write about a movie after they have watched it, so people consider these reviews to be real and truthful.
• These kinds of movies are usually boring and have long screen times, so people prefer to enjoy other types of movies.
• People often check who the main character is. If the actor is famous, they are more likely to go to watch the movie.
• There are so many photos that come to my mind, but I have to say a photo taken in Thailand.
• I can recall that time, such as swimming on the beach and eating various local foods.
• When I see the photo, I remember how much I love traveling. It makes me excited to think about saving money for future trips.

D6​

• I can ride around the park to enjoy nature.
• I really enjoyed riding my bike because I could play with my friends.
• I learned to ride a bike in just three days.
• It allows people to easily borrow bikes.
• It's the fastest way to learn, just like my father taught me.
• I have several feelings about her. First of all, I'm impressed.
• This is because her Korean skills are improving rapidly, and her pronunciation is very accurate.
• I'm encouraged by her progress. Her improving Korean skills inspire me to learn English, so I have started to memorize English words every single day.
• When people make an effort every day it helps them become smart and always leads to success.
• We can help children realize their talents by involving them in extracurricular activities based on their hobbies.
• The government provides many forms of financial support for students, like tuition.
• Many students use this support to reduce their university fees.

D7​

• There is traffic noise and other noises, like when we go out, there is always loud music playing.
• I hear noise every day. It's mostly K-pop songs. They play everywhere I go, even if I don't want to listen.

D8​

• He won the Asian Games and also received the Player of the Year award.
• He has lots of expereiences, so people can relay on him for practical advice.
• He has such a good sense of humor. so people smile whenever they watch his interview on TV.

D9​

• There are various genres, such as sci-fi and action, by playing these kinds of games, people can relieve their stress.
• They want to achieve success or win prizes. Others play games just for fun and to relieve stress.
• competition encourages children to make an effort in their education and learning skills, and it also teaches them the value of perseverance and hard work.
• They have negative effects on children because they can easily become addicted to playing them.
• It has many playable characters, so children can play using a different character every single game.
• Outdoor games encourage people to stay healthy and to socialize with others.
• In terms of mental benefits, children can relieve stress through team games, and they can also learn about cooperation.
• In the case of offline games, specifically outdoor games, baseball is the most popular in Korea.
• Winning a game gives them a sense of achievement and helps to relieve stress.
• Video games are often violent and exciting, which means these factors can make people addicted to video games.
• After exercising, some people feel proud of themselves because they can experience a sense of accomplishment.
• They might get a big reward when they finish a difficult task.
• I believe it is a good place to live.
• This might sound funny, but I wanted to remove a stone in front of the school because I sometimes tripped over it
• In fact, I want to live in the United Arab Emirates because I think it is the safest place in the world.
• I think a person who doesn't have their dream is like a dead person.
• Having a dream makes people learn about many things and study regularly.

D10​

• It is also situated on the Korean Peninsula.
• Most Koreans live in Seoul, which is located in the northwest side of Korea. It is also the capital city of Korea
• I think the main industry in Korea is the semiconductor industry. This is because Samsung is the most famous company in Korea, specializing in this field.
• One of the good things about living in my country is the convenience of public transportation.
• It's easy to use because I can check the schedule and predict when the bus will arrive.
• One of the drawbacks of living in my country is the transportation restrictions due to North Korea.
• This limitation means we have to use planes instead of trains when traveling to other countries.
• I feel proud of my country because of its safety. To be specific, there are a lot of CCTVs at any place in Korea. It helps to prevent crimes.
• that is the reason why I'm studying for the IELTS

• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

activity​

• Can you give some other examples of adventurous or risky activities?
  • transparent cable car.
  • scared but overcame the fear.
• Why do some young people like adventurous activities?
  • like feeling thrills
  • make adventurous friends.
  • prefer to get together with those who are not cowards.
  • prove thier strength by doing adventurous activities.
• Do older people like adventurous activities?
  • some older people like
  • to keep their health
  • but others are physically old.
  • they can't go out to do.
• How do adventurous activities help people to relieve stress?
  • feel a sense of achievement.
  • challenging activities make them fully satisfied.
  • relieve stress.
• What skills do people need to take part in adventurous activities?
  • In water activities: how to swim.
  • In outdoor activities: have strength.
• Why do young people like doing exciting things?
  • relieve stress from schoolwork.
  • catch up with their friends.
• How does friendship affect people’s overall well-being?
  • make more active.
  • more opp.
  • avoid loneliness.

tiredness / energy​

• Why do people feel tired in today’s world?
  • Using eletronic devices
  • Heavy workload
• Does studying and learning make people tired today?
  • causes back pain
  • sit on the chair all day
  • can feel tired easily
• When do people usually feel tired?
  • Heavy workload
  • In korea, people tend to work overtime
  • didn't get sleep well
  • suffer from sleep disorders
• Do people have fewer holidays now than in the past?
  • in the past: should work 6 days a week
  • for now: work 5 days a week
  • people today have more holidays
• What are the differences between feeling tired after studying and after exercising?
  • after studying: mentally tired
    • memorized many things
  • after exercising: physically tired
    • used their muscles
• How can people solve the problem that old people easily get tired?
  • First: get some rest frequently
    • recover their body
  • Second: grow their strength
    • walking is the best way
• Can technology, such as smartphones and computers, contribute to feeling tired? How?
  • Smartphones: people always watch them bending their necks
    • increase muscle tension
    • Even if they should sleep at night, they watch it overnight
    • causes tiredness and sleep disorders

success​

• How do people assess the success of others?
  • wealth, popularity
• Is money the only measure of success in your country?
  • success can be measured by different things, such as popularity, wealth, or occupation
• Is money a true measure of success?
  • consider money as a true measure of success, occupation or popularity
• In your opinion, is success more about luck or hard work?
  • success is more about hard work.
  • as they say, 'practice makes perfect', so hard work is essential,
  • without luck or the right opportunities, hardworking people might fail to succeed.
• How important is education in achieving success?
  • plays an important role in achieving success
  • provides numerous opportunities for success
  • trying to get money from investors, having a good education can really help
• Is being successful and having a lot of money the same thing?
  • some people consider success as achieving a good occupation or personal satisfaction
  • others see it as having a lot of money.
• How do people achieve success?
• What are some of the factors which influence success at school?
• What influences students’ grades at school?
• What skills do you think are most important for someone who wants to succeed in business?
• How has technology changed the way people do business in recent years?
• In your opinion, is it important for businesses to be eco-friendly?

occasions​

• On what occasions do people have to wait for a long time?
• What are the daily experiences when people have to wait?
• Do people usually like to wait for a long time? Why?
• Why do people dislike waiting?
• Why do most children have difficulties waiting for a long time?
• Do children have more patience than adults?
• Who behaves better while waiting: children or adults?
• What can people do while waiting in a line?
• Do people in your country like waiting in a line?

cooking​

• What do we need to prepare when we cook?
• Why do people cook for others?
• Do you agree that food is an important part of the festivals in your country?
• Which dishes are a must at festivals?
• Lots of people don’t want to cook these days. Why?
• Is it important to have a meal together with your family?

photo​

• Do people take more photos now than before?
• Do you think equipment is important to photography?
• Do you think being a professional photographer is a good job?
• Is it easier to take pictures now than in the past?

language​

• When do students in your country start to learn foreign languages?
• What foreign languages do they learn in your country? Why?
• What qualities should a language teacher have?
• Do you have any techniques for learning languages?
• Do you think it is faster for children to learn languages than adults?
• How does technology influence language learning?
• Why are so many people learning English?
• How can we help children learn English?
• Do you think the way people learn English today is the same as in the past?
• What are the benefits of the Internet for people’s learning?

exercise​

• What kinds of exercises do people in your country like to do?
• What characteristics do you think an athlete should have?
• Do you think academic classes should replace PE classes?
• How can people know whether a child has a talent for sports?

electronic devices​

• Where can people learn to use electronic devices?
• Do you think social media platforms like YouTube are good places for people to learn to use electronic devices?
• Do you think current electronic devices are better than those in the past?

garden​

• Do you think people should keep parks and gardens clean?
• Are public parks or gardens popular among people who live in cities?
• Do you like to grow flowers or vegetables?
• Do you think people of all ages like to go to parks?
• Do young people like to go to parks?
• What do old people like to do in parks?
• What are the benefits of going to the park for young people and old people?
• Why do some people like planting flowers?

art​

• What are the differences between painting and drawing?
• Why do some people keep a painting for a long time?
• Why do some paintings have more value than others?
• How does building style affect people’s lives?
• Does the design of a building influence people’s mood?
• What kinds of art do people like in your country?
• What kind of art is the most valuable in terms of money? Monetary value
• Is art important?

party​

• Why do people like parties?
• Why do some people dislike going to parties?
• What do adults do at parties?
• Do you think music and dancing are a must at a party?
• How do people celebrate their personal events?
• What do children do at birthday parties?
• Why do people organise family parties in your country?

science​

• Is it important to study Science at school?
• Why don’t some children like learning Science at school?
• Which science subject is the most important for children to learn?
• Should people continue to study Science after finishing school?
• How do people get to know about scientific news?
• Should scientists explain the research process to the public?
• Can science change our society?
• Which is more important: science or social studies?

family​

• What rules do most families have?
• What rules should children follow at home in your country?
• On what occasions can children be forgiven if they don’t follow some rules?
• What rules do people have in schools and workplaces in your country?
• What rules should people follow when using public transport?
• Why don’t some people follow the rules?

relationship​

• Are there any differences in the relationship between you and your friends and between you and other people?
• Do people feel lonely in crowded cities?

change​

• Do people like new things or changes in life?
• Why do some people dislike change?
• Why do some people quit and change jobs?
• How can people adapt to changes in life?

tiredness​

• Does learning make people tired today?
• When do people usually feel tired?
• What do you think about striving for learning and striving for sports?

diversity​

• Why do some people travel a lot?
• Do people have different personalities in different regions of your country?
• What causes the differences between different regions of your country?
• Do children like to try new things, or do people of your parents’ age also like to try new things?

service​

• What do people do when they get bad service?
• How do people respond to bad service?
• Why do some people choose to be silent when they receive bad service?
• What kind of service should customers expect from a company?
• What is good service?
• What is bad service?
• Who should be responsible for bad service?
• What should companies do if their product is faulty?
• When does good service play an important role?
• Can robots provide better customer service than people?
• Are customers' expectations too high?
• Why don't some companies provide good service?
• How can a company maintain the quality of their service?
• How can companies improve customer service?
• Is service better in large or small shops?

sports​

• What are the benefits of playing sports regularly?
• What are the benefits of sports for children?
• Do children need to exercise?
• Some people prefer to exercise alone, while others prefer to exercise with a group. Which one do you think is better, and why?
• What do you think are the most popular sports in your country, and why?
• How important do you think it is for children to participate in sports?
• Many people have busy schedules and find it difficult to make time for exercise. What advice would you give them to help them stay fit?
• What do you think are the potential risks associated with playing sports, and how can they be avoided?

business​

• What kinds of family businesses are common in your country?
• What do you think of family businesses?
• Is it good to work with family members?
• Why do people want to do family business?
• What factors lead to success?
• What do people need to sacrifice for success?
• Why do some people achieve success faster than others?
• Are successful people often lonely?

opinion​

• When do you think children start to have their own ideas/opinions?
• Are children’s opinions influenced by their parents?
• Do children have similar ideas to their parents?
• What encourages people to come up with new ideas/inventions?
• How do inventors or philosophers come up with new ideas?
• Should people spend more time reading about the ideas of famous thinkers of the past?
• Whose ideas and opinions are widely respected in your country?

place​

• Why do some people like to visit historical sites?
• What are the differences between modern towns and modern cities?

advice​

• Do you think parents should give their children advice?
• Should teachers give students advice?
• Do you think it is necessary to listen to friends’ and parents’advice?
• How to give young people and old people advice?
• Why do many young people refuse the advice of older people?
• Why is it easier for some people to accept advice?
• What people are most suitable to give advice to others?
• Is it ok if professional advice costs a lot?
• What problems can people have if they ask many people for advice?

proud​

• What are the things that make people feel proud of?
  • earning a lot of money makes people feel proud
    • gives them a sense of achivement
  • after extercising, people feel proud of themselves
    • can experience a sense of accomplishment
• Do people often feel proud when they complete a difficult task?
  • they can get a sense of achivement.
  • might get a big reward when they finish a difficult task.

advertisement​

• What do you think of online advertising?
• Are there any good online adverts?
• Why do people watch useless advertising?

money​

• Are people good at saving money?
• Do you think children should have pocket money?
• What do young people save money for?
• Do you think it is hard for people to save money nowadays?

water sports​

• What types of water sports are popular in your country? Why?
• What do you think are the benefits of participating in water sports?
• What are the disadvantages of water transport?
• Do you think water sports are safe? Why or why not?
• Why do people want to try an extreme water sport like skydiving or bungee jumping into water? Why do some people dislike such activities?
• Are there many people in your country who often go diving?
• How do you think climate change will affect water sports in the future?
• Do you think schools should teach children how to swim?

Parenting and Childrearing​

• Do you think there are too many rules for children to follow?
• Do you think children should have many toys?
• Do you think it's good for parents to help their children choose friends?
• How can parents help children make decisions?
• At what age should children start to make decisions?
• What are some of the biggest challenges that parents face when raising children?
• Do you think that parents today face different challenges than parents did in the past?
• What do you think are some of the most important things that parents can do to help their children grow up to be responsible and successful adults?
• What are some of the most effective discipline techniques for children?

festivals​

• Is it important to celebrate traditional festivals?
• Will these traditions be lost in the future?
• Do you think that festivals and traditions have an important role in society?
• What is a traditional food or drink that people typically enjoy during festivals in your country?
• How have festivals and traditions changed over the years in your country?
• Do you think they will continue to change in the future?
• Do you think that festivals and traditions are becoming less important in modern society?
• Are there any traditional festivals that are not celebrated anymore in your country?
• Are traditional festivals disappearing?
• Should children learn about traditional festivals at school?

independent living​

• Should young people live on their own?
• What kinds of people tend to live alone?
• Besides cooking, are there any other skills that people need to learn if they live on their own?
• Is it good for young people to live by themselves?

Information Dissemination and Evaluation​

• What kinds of professions are related to giving information to others?
• What is the difference between providing information by phone and by email?
• How can people check whether a piece of information is correct or not?
• Do people trust the information online?
• How do you verify the accuracy of information that you come across online?
• Do you think that people are more likely to believe true or false information these days?
• What information can people get from television?
• What are some of the consequences of misinformation in society?
• Are there any news sources that people trust more than others?
• Do you think that schools should teach critical thinking skills to help students better evaluate information?

communication skills​

• Which one is better, being a good speaker or a listener?
• What qualities does a person need to have to be a good speaker?
• What benefits does the Internet have for communication?
• Does technology have a negative impact on communication among people?

fashion and clothing​

• Do you think that fashion trends are important? Why or why not?
• Do you think you can tell about someone’s personality based on their fashion choices?
• When do people wear formal clothes?
• Should people wear formal clothes at work?
• Do you think that people dressed more formally nowadays compared to the past?
• When do people in your country wear traditional clothes?
• Why do some people like traditional clothes?
• What is the difference between the clothes of the elderly and the young people in your country?

adventure​

• Who likes to read adventure books?
• Do you think children are more interested in adventure stories?
• Do people prefer adventure novels or films?
• What kinds of people dislike adventures?
• Why are some children addicted to adventure games?
• Why do some people prefer to read adventure books rather than take an adventure?
• Do you think adventures are important in life?
• What do you think are the benefits of going on an adventure?
• Is it better to go on an adventure alone or with a group? Why?
• Are there any risks associated with going on an adventure?
• Do you think that people should take more risks in their lives and go on adventurous trips?
• What advice would you give to a person who is planning an adventure for the first time?
• Does experiencing adventures broaden people's horizons?

Memory and Recall​

• Why do some people have better memories than others?
• When is it important to remember information well?
• What kinds of things do people prefer to remember?
• What kinds of things do people have to remember?
• What kinds of things do people usually forget?
• What kinds of people are forgetful?
• What are some techniques people can use to help remember important information?
• Do you think people can trust their memories?
• How do you think technology has affected our ability to remember things?
• What childhood memories do people usually have?
• Can technology help people remember past events?

Inventions and Technology​

• What qualities do inventors have?
• What about scientists?
• Do all inventions bring benefits to our world?
• Do you think people who haven't been educated in school can invent things?
• Do you believe only scientists can invent new things?
• What inventions do you think should be improved?
• What have been some of the most important inventions in the past 100 years?
• What inventions will we have in 20 years?
• What invention would you like to see in the future?
• What invention do you wish had never been invented and why?
• What invention do you think has had the greatest impact on people’s lives in your country?
• Do you think technology has improved our quality of life?
• How do you think technology and inventions will change the way we live in the future?

Direction Sense and Navigation​

• There are some people who never get lost. Why?
• Why do some people have a good sense of direction?
• Do you think it’s easy or difficult to find your way in a new city? Why?
• Why do some people dislike asking others for directions?
• How do you think technology has changed the way we navigate and find directions?
• Should children be taught to read paper maps at school?
• Are paper maps still necessary?

Travel Planning and Experience​

• Do most people like planned travelling?
• What factors affect how people feel about travel?
• What should be done before a trip?
• What preparations should be made before going on holiday?
• Do younger and older people choose different places to go to on holiday?
• What problems can people have on holiday?
• Why do some people dislike travelling abroad?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of travelling alone and with friends?
• What kinds of places are popular to visit in your country?
• Do you think it’s important to learn about the culture of the places you visit?
• How do you think technology has changed the way people travel?
• Why do you think so many younger people travel these days?

Job and Career​

• What kinds of jobs are popular in your country?
• Do people in your country do the same job throughout their whole life?
• What kinds of people do low-salary jobs?
• Is it important doe secondary schools to offer career advice to students?
• Should universities arrange classes for students to teach them how to find jobs?
• If they do, what skills should students learn in such classes?
• When do you think is the right time for young people to start making plans for their future careers?
• What professions are popular with young people in your country now?
• What kind of job do you think will be popular in the future?
• What kinds of jobs are well-paid in your country?
• What do you think are the benefits of having a steady job?
• Do you think it’s better to work for a big company or a small company? Why?
• What do you think are the most important skills for getting a good job?
• Do you think it’s important to have a job that you love or a job that pays well? Why?
• Do you think it’s better to work in the private sector or the public sector? Why?

Crowded Places and Public​

• What do you think of people who stand in a queue for more than an hour?
• Are most people comfortable being in crowded places?
• What are some crowded places in your city?
• Do you think crowded places are becoming more common in modern society?
• What are some potential dangers of being in crowded places?
• What measures do you think can be taken to make crowded places safer?
• Do you think cities should limit the number of people who can visit popular tourist attractions or shopping areas to avoid overcrowding?

Money and Financial Management​

• What is the role of money in people’s lives?
• Do you think it is more important to save or to spend money? Why?
• Why is it hard for some people to save money?
• What is the best way to save money?
• Do you think money can buy happiness?
• How do people waste their money?
• How do people’s attitudes towards money have changed over the years?
• Should children have pocket money?

Decision Making and Influence​

• How do people usually make important decisions?
• What important decisions do young people have to make after school?
• Do you think it’s important to listen to other people’s opinions before making a decision?
• Do you think it’s better to make decisions based on logic or emotions? Why?
• What factors should people consider when making a big purchase, such as buying a car or a flat?
• Why do some people regret their decisions?
• What are some of the most important things to consider when making a decision that will affect other people?
• Do ads influence our decisions while shopping?
• Is the influence of advertising good or bad?
• How does advertising influence children?

Housing and Urban Living​

• What difficulties do people have living in the city?
• What are the most important features of an ideal house for most people?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city center rather than living in the suburbs?
• How will technology change the way we find and rent/buy accommodation in the future?
• What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of living in a shared apartment?
• How does the housing market affect young people who are looking for accommodation?
• Do you think it’s important to decorate your living space?

Volunteering and Altruistic Behavior​

• What can children do to help their parents?
• What are the benefits of children helping their parents?
• Should children be taught to help others?
• How can high school students help each other?
• Should students do community work?
• Should people take part in volunteering more often these days?
• Why are some people willing to help others?
• What motivates people to volunteer and help others in their community?
• What are the benefits of volunteering for both the individual and the community?
• Why do people volunteer?
• How can volunteering and helping others be integrated into schools and workplaces?
• In what ways can volunteering and helping others be encouraged in society?
• Is it the responsibility of individuals or governments to provide support to those in need?
• What skills can be gained from volunteering and helping others?
• How can they be useful in personal and professional development?
• Is it important to teach children to donate money to those in need?

Reading and Learning​

• What kinds of books do children like to read?
• What can children learn from books?
• What’s the difference between e-books or paper books?
• Do people prefer e-books or paper books in your country?
• Do you think parents should read stories to their children?
• What can children learn from books?
• How can reading help children?
• Do you think it’s important for children to read books?
• Do you think reading books is better than watching films?
• What benefits do you think reading has for people?
• Do you think reading books can help people learn more about different cultures?
• Should people read books that are difficult or challenging to understand?

Popularity and Fame​

• Why do some students want to become popular?
• What kinds of people are more popular at school?
• What kinds of people are more popular at work?
• Are smart people popular at work?
• Do you think a good teacher should become popular?
• What factors do you think contribute to a person’s popularity?
• Is it possible to become popular overnight?
• How has social media influenced the concept of fame in recent years?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of being popular in school?

Transportation and Driving​

• Which jobs require people to be good at driving?
• What qualities should a driver have?
• What benefits does public transport bring to society?
• Are there any drawbacks of public transport?
• Do you think the government should make it a rule for people to use public transport more?
• Do you think that the government should invest more in public transport?
• Is it too late for people to get driving licenses at 18 years old?
• What is the most common mode of transport in your city?
• How do traffic jams affect people?
• What do you think are the benefits and drawbacks of driving a car instead of using public transport?
• Will people be driving electric cars in the future?
• Are there any traffic laws in your country that you think should be changed or improved?

Shopping and Consumer Culture​

• Is location the key factor that attracts customers?
• What kinds of shops are popular in your country?
• Why do young people enjoy going to boutiques?
• Why do people like shopping more now than in the past?
• Do you think shopping is good for a country's economy?
• Are shopping centers and malls still popular these days?
• What is your opinion about online shopping? Do you think it is better than going to the offline store?
• Can shopping be addictive?
• How have shopping habits changed in recent years?
• Do you think shopping can be a waste of time and money?

Games and Play​

• Why do people like to play different games?
  • various genres.
  • by playing these kinds of games, people can relieve their stress.
• Is winning the most important goal in playing games?
  • some people: important: want to achieve or win prizes.
  • others: just for fun and to relieve stress.
• Is it good for children to want to win?
  • gives them a sense of achievement.
  • can learn about healthy competition.
• Is it important to develop a sense of competition in children?
  • encourages children to make an effort in their education and learning skills.
  • teaches them the value of perseverance and hard work.
• Are games important for children's development?
  • computerg games
    • negative effects on children
    • they can easily become addicted to playing them
  • physical games like...
    • these can help children stay healthy
• What games do children play these days?
  • League of Legends: many playble characters
    • can play using a different character every single game
  • famous players in Korea
    • can follow them as role models
• Which are better: indoor or outdoor games?
  • encourage people to stay healthy & to socialize with others
  • help improve both physical and mental health.
• How can children benefit from playing team games?
  • mental benefits: can relieve stress through team games & learn about cooperation
  • physical benefits: can improve their bodies.
• Which are better: team games or individual ones?
  • learn about cooperation & teamwork by playing team games.
  • they can improve their social skills.
• What is the most popular game in your country?
  • offline games: baseball
    • enjoy playing and watching baseball
  • online games: League of Legends
    • many famous players in Korea
• Do you think games can help people relax and relieve stress?
  • Winning a game: a sense of achievement
  • helps to relieve stress
  • can feel rewarded
• Why can video games be addictive?
  • often violent and exciting
  • can make people addicted to video games
• Is playing games a waste of time?
  • relieve stress.
  • outdoor games can help people maintain their health.

Education and Talent Development​

• Do you think children are born smart or learn to be smart?
  • learn to be smart
  • When people make an effort every day it helps them become smart and always leads to success.
• How can we help children realize their talents?
  • by involving them in extracurricular activities based on their hobbies.
  • it's important to provide them with opportunities to experience different areas.
• What is the difference between a parent's and a teacher's role in a child's education?
  • a parent's role: moral values, relationships between people and repecting the elderly.
  • a teacher's role: academic subjects, math and science.
• Does the government provide enough support for education?
  • graduating from high school is mandatory in Korea
  • many forms of financial support: tuition
    • many students use this support to reduce their university fees.

movie​

• Why do some people read movie reviews?
  • know how good or funny the movie is
  • by checking reviews, they can better decide
• Do most people believe movie reviews?
  • trust movie reviews
  • can only write about a movie after they have watched it
  • to be real and truthful
• What are types of films are popular in your country?
  • most Koreans are really interested in sci-fi movies
  • they can relieve stress by watching these kinds of movies.
• Are historical films popular in your country? Why?
  • not popular in Korea
  • boring and have long screen times
  • perfer to enjoy other types of movies
• Do you think films with famous actors or actresses would be more popular than films with actors who are not famous?
  • check who the main characters are
  • If the actors are famous, they are more likely to go see them on screen.

참조​

• YourIELTS Part2 & 3

• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

activity​

Describe an activity you did with another person

- What the activity was: Riding a bike
- Where and where you did it: from 보라매 to 여의도, bike path
- Who you did it with: wife
- and why you chose that person
  - like her: a lot in common
    - exercise regularly
    - have the same taste in food
  - felt compfotable: know each other in and out

Describe an activity that made you feel tired

- What the activity was: cleaning my home
- When and where it was: about this time, last month, home
- Why you took part in it:
  - took in charge of cleaning bathroom
  - better than my wife
- And explain why it made you feel tired
  - clean the floor: brush every tiles
  - get wet: although carefully, ended up getting wet

person​

Describe a successful person you know

- Who they are: 손흥민, soccer player for Tottenham, a team that belongs to the English Premier League.
- What they do: stricker, one of the best players in his team.
- How you learnt about them: through media: TV and Internet news, these days advertisements.
- And explain why you think they are successful
  - famous: a World cup player, a member of the national team.
  - rich: according to the news, his salary is over 100 million dollars.

occasion​

Describe an occasion when you waited for a long time for a nice thing

- When it happened: last year
- What the nice thing was: rode a wooden rollercoster
- Why you waited for a long time:
- And explain how you felt about the experience
  - exhousted: waited for 2 hours in line.
  - excited: the ride was thrilling.

cooking​

Describe someone you know who loves cooking.

- Who this person is: my mom
- How you know her: actually, I don't need to explain about her, she is my mom.
- What kinds of food she cooks: she can cook Korean, Chinese, and Western dishes. all the certificates for those.
- And explain why you think she loves cooking.
  - loves cook for the family: finished eating the food, told her it was delicious, always happy.
  - likes to cook because she is really good at it: has certificates for cooking, really enjoys cooking itself.

photo​

Describe a photo that makes you happy.

- What the photo is like: a photo taken in Thailand
- When and where you took this photo: about this time last year, with my wife to celebrate our anniversary
- How often you watch it: every single day, my smartphone’s background image
- And explain why this photo makes you happy.
  - I can recall that time
    - swimming on the beach and eating various local foods.
  - I remember how much I love traveling.
    - It makes me excited to think about saving money for future trips.

language​

Describe a foreigner who can speak your language well.

- who she is: vicky
- how you know her: met her on the chat
- why she can speak your language well: learn Korean every single day.
- and explain how you feel about this person.
  - impressed
    - her skills are improving rapidly.
    - pronunciation is very accurate.
  - encouraged
    - motivates me to learn English.
    - have started to memorize English words.

athlete​

Describe a famous athlete you know.

- who he is: 손흥민
- how you knew him: saw him on television, a member of national team
- what he has achieved: won the asian games
- and explain why he is famous.:
  - a member of English Premier League called Tottenham
  - has lots of experiences.
  - has a good sense of humor.

computer​

Describe a time when you solve a problem by using a computer.

- what the problem was: one of my servers was worn out
- how you solved the problem: I searched for error messages online
- how long it took to solve this problem: it took 2 hours
- and explain how you felt about this experience.
  - flustered
  - exhousted
  - sense of achievement

park​

Describe a park or garden in your city.

- when you go there
- what it is like
- what you do there
- and explain how you feel about it.

painting​

Describe a painting

- when you first saw this painting
- what the painting is about
- who the painter is
- and explain how you feel about this painting

party​

Describe a party that you enjoyed.

- when you went to the party
- where the party was
- what kind of party it was
- and explain why you enjoyed this party

science​

Describe a science subject (Biology, Robotics) that you are interested in

- which subject it is
- where you learnt it
- how you learnt it
- and explain why you are interested in it

rule​

Describe a rule that is important in your school or at work.

- what the rule is about
- what happens when people break this rule
- why you think it is an important rule
- and explain how you feel about the rule

unknown person​

Describe someone you don’t know, but would like to know more about

- who this person is
- what they are like
- what interesting things they have done
- and say why you want to know more about him/her

time​

Describe a period of time that changed your life

- when it was
- who you were with
- what happened
- and explain why it changed your life

tired activity​

Describe an activity that made you feel tired

- when it happened
- where it took place
- what the activity was
- and explain why it made you feel tired

country​

Describe a place in your country that you’re interested in

- where it is
- how you knew it
- why you are interested in it

bad service​

Describe an occasion when you received bad service

- who provided this service
- what service it was
- when you received this service
- and explain how you felt about it.

sports program​

Describe a sports program you like to watch

- what the sport is
- when and where it is held
- who you watch it with
- and say why you enjoy watching it

business person​

Describe a successful business person you know.

- who this person is
- how you knew them
- what business he/she does
- And explain why he/she is successful

interesting person​

Describe a person who always has interesting ideas or opinions

- who this person is
- what this person does
- how you knew him/her
- And explain why you think his/her ideas/opinions are interesting

beautiful city​

Describe a beautiful city

- where the city is
- how you knew the city
- what buildings the city has
- and explain what it is famous for

advice​

Describe a piece of good advice that you gave to someone

- who you gave the advice to
- what the advice was
- why you gave the advice
- and explain how he/she followed your advice

proud task​

Describe a difficult task that you completed at work/study that you felt proud of

- what the task was
- how you completed it
- why the task was difficult
- why you were proud of the completion of the task

advertisements​

Describe a good advertisement that you think is useful

- Where you can see it
- What it shows
- Why you think it is useful
- And explain how you feel about it

time when saved money​

Describe a time when you saved money to buy an expensive gift for others.

- what the gift is
- who you would give the gift to
- how long it will take to save the money
- and explain how you felt about it.

water sport​

Describe a water sport you want to learn in the future.

- what it is
- what you need to do this sport
- why you want to learn this sport
- and explain whether it is difficult or easy to learn this sport.

time with a child​

Describe an occasion when you spent time with a young child.

- who this child is
- where you spent time with this child
- what you did together
- and how you felt about it.

traditional festival​

Describe a traditional festival in your country

- what the festival is
- when and where it is held
- what happens at the festival
- and say if you enjoy the festival

new comer​

Describe a person who moved into new accommodation/who moved to your community.

- Who this person is
- When this person moved to a new place/your community
- What this person did
- And explain how you feel about this person

incorrect information​

Describe an occasion when you got incorrect information.

- why you need this information
- how you got it
- how you found it was incorrect
- and how you felt about this experience.

speach​

Describe a speech you gave

- Who you gave the speech to
- What the speech was about
- Why you gave the speech
- And explain how you felt about the speech

clothing​

Describe a piece of clothing you often wear.

- what it is
- how often you wear it
- what it is like
- and explain why you enjoy wearing it.

adventure​

Describe an adventure you would like to go on

- where you would go
- who you would like to go with
- when you want to do this
- and explain why you want to go on this adventure.

happy memory​

Describe a happy memory in your childhood.

- What it was about
- Who you were with
- What you did
- And explain how you felt about it.

useful invention​

Describe an invention that is useful in your daily life.

- what the invention was
- what it can do
- how popular it is
- and explain whether it is difficult or easy to use.

lost and needed help​

Describe an occasion when you got lost and needed help

- when and where it was
- what happened
- how you felt
- and say how you found your way

to visit place​

Describe a place you would like to visit in the future

- where it is
- what it’s like
- how you would travel there
- and say why you want to visit that place

job​

Describe a job you are interested in.

- what it is
- when you heard about this job for the first time
- what qualities it requires
- and explain why you are interested in this job.

crowded place​

Describe a crowded place you went to

- where the place was
- when you went there
- how many people were there
- and say how you felt about the experience

expensive gift​

Describe an expensive gift you would like to buy

- what the gift is
- who you would buy it for
- where you would buy it
- and say why you would like to buy it

important decision​

Describe an important decision you made

- what the decision was
- where you were
- how you made the decision
- and say why it was difficult to make

ideal house​

Describe an ideal house or apartment

- what kind of accommodation it is
- where it is
- what it would look like
- and say why it would be ideal

helpful person​

Describe a helpful person

- who the person is
- how you know them
- what they do to help people
- and say when they help you

book​

Describe a book you want to read for a second time.

- what the book is about
- how you knew this book
- and explain why you read it more than once.

popular person​

Describe a popular person.

- who he/she is
- why he/she is popular
- and explain how you feel about him/her.

long car journey​

Describe a long car journey you went on.

- where you went
- what you did there
- who you went there with
- and explain why you went on that journey by car.

recent opened shop​

Describe a new shop that recently opened in your city/town.

- where the shop is
- what it sells
- what kinds of people usually go to this shop
- and explain how successful you think it will be in the future.

game​

Describe a game you enjoyed playing when you were younger

- what it was: starcraft
- where and when you played it: internet cafe with my friends
- how you played it: since it was computer game, I played that using computer.
- and say why you enjoyed playing it:
  - could compete with my friends
    - won the game: could feel a sence of achievement.
  - had three playable characters
    - could play different character whenever I wanted.
    - liked play Protoss, because it was easy to play.

smart person​

Describe a person who solved a problem in a smart way

- who the person is: Vicky, she is my wife.
- what the problem was: frequently forgot passwords
- how the person solved the problem: password managemnet service
- and explain why you think the person did it smartly
  - practical solution
    - eliminates the need to remember multiple complex passwords, reducing stress.
  - time-saving
    - allows for quick access to accounts without resetting forgotten passwords.

hate film​

Describe a film you didn’t like/were disappointed about.

- What the film was
- Why you didn’t like it
- Why you decided to watch it
- And explain how you felt about it.

참조​

• YourIELTS Part2 & 3

• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

fishing​

• Is fishing popular in your country?
  • popular, a lot of lakes and rivers, enjoy fishing there
• Do you like eating fish?
  • love sushi and sasimi, fish for dinner with
• Have you ever been to a place where there are lots of fish around you?
  • Han River, a lot of small fish swimming in the river, ❌ catch them, the water seemed dirty
• Have you seen any movies with lots of fish?
  • Finding nemo, tropical fishes
• Why do people go fishing?
  • enjoy the experience, eat the fish by cooking it

running​

• Do you like running?
  • like running, used to run around, a lot on my plate.
• Where do you go running?
  • 보라매 park, 5mins/on foot/보라매 station
• How often do you go running?
  • Once a week, prefer walking to running, safey exercise for my back and knees
  • Once a week, used to run once a month, want to do exercise more
• Which places do you think are perfect for running?
  • 보라매 park, a running track, run with others
• Do you think running is a good way to stay healthy?
  • feel a sence of achievement, relieve my stress

coffee/tea​

• Do you like to drink coffee or tea?
  • drink it every morning, prefer hand-dripped coffee to instant coffee
• Do most people prefer tea or coffee today?
  • wake up by drinking coffee, enjoy the taste of coffee
• How often do you drink coffee or tea?
  • drink coffee every single day, make hand-dripped coffee and take it
• Are coffee and tea popular in your country?
  • the most popular beverage, on every corner, at least twice a day

helping people​

• Do you usually help people around you?
  • always help people around me, it gives me a sense of achievement.
• How do you help people around you?
  • if my friends are in trouble, try to call them and listen to their concerns.
• Do your parents teach you how to help others?
  • teach me to help others with a true heart, when I give a hand, it shouldn't be just for show.

robots​

• Are you interested in robots?
  • can help with what humans do, copies human motions.
• Would you like to have robots in your home?
  • have a robot vaccume cleaner, it is very helpful to clean my home.
• Are robots important?
  • can do dangerous human activites, can be friends for lonely people.
• How can robots affect people's lives?
  • by automating activities, can replace human activites like dangerous work, can be helpful to replace house chores.
• Would you like to drive a robot operated car?
  • don't have to drive and can just enjoy the ride, can watch TV and text with my friends while using the car.

maps​

• Do you often use maps?
  • when I visit a place for the first time, use them to check traffic and estimate arrival time.
• Are you good at reading maps?
  • can easily find locations on maps, good at navigating and don't often get lost.
• Do you prefer electronic or paper maps?
  • electronic maps are better, paper maps can be heavy and difficult to handle, only need my smartphone.
• How often do you maps on your phone?
  • use map applications on my phone once a day, check the estimated time for public transportation.
• When was the first time when you used a map?
  • can't remember exactly when I first used a map, maybe I was six, went to church so I had to find out which bus I needed to get on.
• Did you learn to use maps when you were a child?
  • my father taught me how to read maps, they were paper maps, so they were heavy because they had over two hundred pages.

Chatting​

• Do you like chatting with friends?
  • catch up with them, get updates
• What do you usually chat about with friends?
  • hobbies, life, and exercise routine, share my daily activites, send them pictures
• Do you prefer to chat with a group of people or with one friend?
  • chatting with just one friend, need to share a secret
• Do you prefer to communicate face-to-face or via social media?
  • I prefer to meet my friends in person
• Do you argue with friends?
  • but I haven't argued with my friends recently, try to understand them.
• Have your discussion topics changed since you were a child?
  • child: comics or computer games
  • now: money and stocks

Riding a bike/bicycles​

• How often do you ride a bicycle?
  • once a month, can ride around the park to enjoy nature
• Did you have a bike when you were a child?
  • had a bike, father gave it to me, enjoyed riding my bike because I could play with my friends.
• Did you ride a bike to school?
  • didn't, school was near my home, took 10minutes on foot, didn't need to ride it.
• Is it difficult to learn to ride a bike?
  • it depends on people, it's easy to learn, I learned to ride a bike in just three days
• Is it popular to ride a bike in your country?
  • popular, 따릉이, it allows people to easily borrow bikes
• When was the last time you used your bicycle?
  • 10 years ago, don't have my own bicycle, use the bike rental service.
• Will you teach your children to ride a bicycle?
  • will teach my children, it's the fastest way to learn, just like my father taught me.

Noise​

• Do you mind noises?
  • mind noises, I'm sensitive, use AirPods to reduce noises.
• Do any noises bother you?
  • My neighbor's baby is often crying, I go out to find a quieter place.
• Is there too much noise in our world today?
  • too much noise around us, traffic noise and other sounds, loud music playing.
• What kind of noise do you come across every day?
  • hear noise every day, It's mostly K-pop songs, they play everywhere I go, I don't want to listen
• What sounds do you like?
  • I like music, It's calm and enjoyable to listen to.
• What sounds do you dislike?
  • I dislike loud music,

Films/Cinema​

• Did you usually go to the cinema when you were a child?
• Do you often go to the cinema with your friends?
• Do you still like the same kind of movie you liked as a child?
• What films do you like?
• How often do you go to the cinema?
• Did you usually go to the cinema when you were a child?
• What was the 1st film that you watched?
• Do you prefer foreign films or films made in your country?

Musical Instruments​

• Do you know how to play a musical instrument?
• Do you think students should learn to play musical instruments at school?
• Have you taken any classes on musical instruments in school?

Geography​

• Do you like Geography?
• Do you think Geography is useful?
• Have you ever studied Geography at school?
• Do you want to be a geographer in the future?

Gifts​

• What's the best gift you've ever received?
• Do you like to give expensive gifts?
• How often do you buy gifts for other people?
• Have you ever given handmade gifts to others?
• Have you ever received a gift you didn't like?
• Are you good at choosing gifts?

Clothes​

• What clothes do you like to wear?
• What kind of clothes do you never wear?
• Do you wear the same clothes on weekdays and weekends?
• What colour clothes do you like?
• Do you prefer to wear comfortable and casual clothes or smart clothes?
• Do you spend a lot of time choosing clothes?

Science​

• Do you like science?
• What's your favorite science subject?
• When did you start to learn science?
• Is there any technology that you think is helpful in daily life?
• Do you think science classes are important?

Transport​

• What's the most popular means of transport in your hometown?
• How do you go to work/school?
• Will you use public transport more in the future?
• Will you drive more in the future?
• Are there any traffic problems in your area?

Bags​

• Do you like bags?
• What kinds of bags do you like?
• Do you have different bags for different occasions?
• Do you often change bags?
• Do you usually carry a bag when you go out?
• What do you put in your bag?
• What factors do you consider when you buy a bag?
• Have you ever lost a bag?
• What bags do women like to buy?
• Is a bag an ideal gift?

Fixing things​

• Can you fix things?
• What kinds of things can you fix?
• Have you ever asked people to teach you how to fix things?
• Do you think fixing things is a necessary skill?

Rain​

• Do you like rainy days?
• What do you do on rainy days?
• What do you usually do when it starts to rain and you’re outside?
• Do you think that rain is good?
• How does rain affect life in your country?
• Does it rain much in your city?
• Is there any part in your country where it doesn’t rain much?
• Have you ever changed your plans because of rain?
• Would you like to live in a dry or wet place?
• Do you prefer wet or dry weather?

Ice cream​

• Do you like ice cream?
• What’s your favourite flavour?
• Did you eat ice cream when you were a child?
• Are there any shops selling ice cream near your home?
• Can you make ice cream by yourself?

Wild animals​

• What’s your favourite wild animal?
• Are there many wild animals in your country?
• Have you ever seen wild animals?
• Have you ever been to a zoo or a safari park?
• Where can you see wild animals in your area?
• What animal would you like to see in the wild?
• Do you like watching animals in the zoo?
• Are there TV programs about wild animals in your country?

Teachers​

• Would you like to be a teacher?
• Do you think you could be a teacher?
• Did you have a favourite teacher?
• How did this teacher help you?
• Do you remember your teachers from primary school?
• Do you have a favorite teacher?
• Do you want to be a teacher in the future?

Dreams/Ambitions​

• Do you think you are an ambitious person?
  • want to immigrate to the United Arab Emirates someday.
  • good place to live.
• What was your dream when you were a child?
  • My dream was to be a judge
  • This might sound funny
    • wanted to remove a stone in front of the school
    • sometimes tripped over it
• What is your main ambition in life now?
  • want to immgrate or get a job abroad, after I get the IELTS score.
  • In fact, want to live in the United Arab Emirates, because it is the safest place in the world.
• Are you the kind of person who never gives up on your dreams?
  • I think a person who doesn't have their dream is like a dead person.
  • Having a dream makes people...

Concentration​

• Are you a focused person?
• What do you do to help you concentrate?
• How do you stay focused?
• When do you need to be focused?
• Did you stay focused in class when you were a child?
• Is it difficult for you to stay focused on something?
• When is it hard for you to concentrate?
• What may distract you?
• Is it easy for you to do 2 things at the same time?

Friends​

• How important are friends to you?
• Where do you often meet?
• What do you usually do with your friends?
• Do you have many friends?
• Do your friends think you’re a good friend?
• What kind of friend would you like to meet in the future?
• What kind of people do you like to have as friends?
• Do you prefer to spend time alone or with friends?

Days Off​

• Do you usually spend your day off with your parents or friends?
• What do you often do on your day off?
• When was your last day off?
• How often do you have days off?

Languages​

• What languages do you speak?
• What foreign languages have you studied?
• Why did you choose to study that language?
• How did you learn that language?
• Do you think it's difficult to learn a new language?
• Will you learn another language in the future?
• Is it hard to learn a foreign language?

Days of the Week​

• What’s your favourite day of the week?
• How do you usually spend your time on this day?
• What’s your typical daily routine?
• Is there anything that you do every day?
• What do you usually do at the weekends?
• Which day is your least favourite day?

Health​

• What do you do to stay healthy?
• What is your favourite sport?
• Are there health classes in your school?
• What is your favorite sport?
• Do you have any advice on keeping healthy for youngsters?

Work/Studies​

• Do you work or are you a student?
• Why did you choose this kind of work/to study this subject?
• Do you like your job?
• What’s the most interesting part of being a ... (... / student)?
• What’s the most difficult part of being a ... (... / student)?
• What do you dislike about your work or studies?
• What was your dream job when you were a child?
• Have you changed your mind since then?
• What kind of work would you like to do in the future?

Accommodation​

• Do you live in a house or an apartment/flat?
• Can you describe the place where you live?
• What do you like about living there? What do you like about your flat?
• Which is your favourite room in your home? Why?
• Which room does your family spend most time in?
• What can you see from the windows?
• Would you change anything about your home? Why/why not?
• Would you like to move to a different home in the future?
• What sort of accommodation would you most like to live in?

Home Decoration​

• What kind of decoration do you prefer?
• How is your home decorated?
• What is your favorite color when decorating your home?
• What colour would you never use in your home?
• What colour would you choose to paint the walls of your room?
• Do people in your country like redecorating their homes?
• What is the new decorating trend for this year?

Hometown​

• Tell me about your hometown.
• What’s your hometown known for?
• Do you like your hometown?
• Is it big or small?
• How long have you been living there?
• Do you think you’ll continue living there for a long time?
• How has your town changed in the last 20 years?

Your Country​

• Where is your country located?
  • located in East Asia, on the Korean Peninsula.
• Which part of your country do most people live in?
  • Seoul, the northwest side, the capital city of Korea.
• What are the main industries in your country?
  • The semiconductor industry, Samsung, specializing in this field.
• What are some of the good things about living in your country?
  • The convenience of public transportation
• What are some of the bad things about living in your country?
  • The transportation restrictions due to North Korea, use planes instead of trains
• What makes you feel proud of your country?
  • because of its safety, a lot of CCTVs at any place, helps to prevent crimes.
• Will you stay in your country in the future?
  • won't, want to live in the UAE, the reason why I'm study for the IELTS.

참조​

• YourIELTS Part1

• 정보통신분야 기술사 훑어보기
• 기술사: IT경영
• 기술사: 융합 IT
• 기술사: 프로젝트관리
• 기술사: 소프트웨어 공학
• 기술사: 정보보안
• 기술사: 데이터베이스
• 기술사: 네트워크
• 기술사: 알고리즘
• 기술사: 에세이

DB 개요​

데이터/정보/지식/지혜​

• 지혜: 지식과 경험이 축적된 상태/능력
• 지식: 의사결정에 이용된 정보, 부가가치 창출, 정보의 추상화, 일반화
• 정보: 관계에 따라 의미가 부여된 데이터, 구조화된 데이터의 집합
• 데이터: 그 자체로는 의미가 없음, 식별 및 기록이 가능한 단순한 사실

데이터 --관계의 이해--> 정보 --패턴의 이해--> 지식 --원리의 이해--> 지혜

DB/DB system​

한 조직의 여러 응용시스템이 공유하기 위해 최소의 중복으로 통합, 저장된 운영 데이터의 집합 통저운공

• 통합 데이터: Integrated Data, 최소 중복, 통제된 중복
• 저장 데이터: Stored Data, 컴퓨터가 접근 가능한 매체에 저장
• 운영 데이터: Operational data, 조직의 운영에 꼭 필요한 필수적인 데이터
• 공유 데이터: Shared Data, 여러 응용 프로그램이 공동으로 접근
• 실시간 접근, 계속적인 변화, 동시 공유, 내용에 의한 참조

기본 구조​

• 외부 단계: Exteranl Level, 외부스키마
• 개념 단계: Coceptual Level, 개념스키마
• 내부 단계: Internal Level, 내부스키마
• 데이터베이스

데이터 독립성​

상위 단계의 스키마 정의에 영향을 주지 않으면서 어떤 단계의 스키마를 변경할 수 있는 것

• 논리적 독립성: 외부 스키마나 응용 프로그램을 변경하지 않으면서 개념 스키마를 변경할 수 있는 성질
• 물리적 독립성: 개념 스키마를 변경하지 않으면서 내부 스키마를 변경할 수 있는 성질

DBMS​

다수의 사용자들이 데이터베이스 내의 데이터를 접근할 수 있도록 해주는 관리 소프트웨어 도구들의 집합

• 데이터 저장과 개발 및 유지보수 측면에서 중복성의 통제
• 사용자 간 데이터 공유
• 권한 관리
• 다양한 사용자에게 다양한 형태의 인터페이스 제공
• 데이터 사양에 존재하는 복잡한 관련성 표현
• 무결성 보장
• 백업 복구 기능 제공

DB 언어​

• DML: Data Manipulation Language,
  • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
• DDL: Data Definition Language
  • CREATE, ALTER, DROP
• DCL: Data Control Language
  • GRANT, REVOKE

품질관리 R&R​

DB 설계​

키​

릴레이션 튜플을 유일하게 식별할 수 있는 속성들의 집합

• 유일성
• 최소성
• 결정자 도출 --유일성 검증--> 슈퍼키선정 --최소성 확인--> 후보키 선정 --엔티티 대표성--> 기본키 결정

데이터 무결성​

• 개체 무결성: 기본키, 모든 개체는 식별자를 정의하고 식별자 값은 NonNull 및 유일해야함
• 참조 무결성: 외래키, 외래키 값은 기본키로 사용된 릴레이션의 기본키 값이거나 Null
• 속성 무결성: 컬럼, 지정된 데이터 형식 만족, CHAR, DATE
• 사용자 정의: 데이터, 사용자가 Buniness Rule(업무규칙)에 따라 정의, CHECK, DEFAULT, 트리거 등

데이터 모델링​

개논물

• 개념적 설계
• 논리적 설계
• 스키마 정제
• 물리적 설계
• 응용 및 보안 설계

이상현상​

릴레이션 데이터의 중복관리로 인해 데이터를 조작할 때 발생하는 사이드이펙트

• 삽입이상: 릴레이션 내에 하나의 튜플을 삽입하려고 할 때 불필요한 데이터까지 삽입해야하는 현상
• 삭제이상: 릴레이션 내에 하나의 튜플을 삭제하려고 할 때 유지되어야할 정보까지 삭제되는 연쇄 삭제 현상
• 갱신이상: 중복된 튜플 중에서 일부 튜플의 속성을 변경시키려고 할 때 정보의 모순성이 발생하는 현상
• 원인 및 해결방안: 속성들 간의 종속성 분석을 통해 기본적으로 하나의 종속성이 하나의 릴레이션으로 표현되도록 무손실 분해 (Decomposition)

정규화​

이상현상을 야기하는 속성 간의 종속성을 제거하기 위해 릴레이션을 작은 여러 릴레이션으로 무손실 분해하는 과정 데이터 일관성, 중복의 최소화, 구조의 안정성을 최대한 확보하기 위한 방법

각 단계가 끝나면 N차 정규형이 된다.

• 1차 정규화: 도메인 분해
• 2차 정규화: 부분함수 종속성 제거
• 3차 정규화: 이행함수 종속성 제거
• BCNF 정규화: 나중에 추가됨
• 4차 정규화: 다치종속성 제거
• 5차 정규화: 조인종속성 제거

연결함정​

데이터 모델링 시 개체와 개체 사이에 부여하는 관계성 집합의 의미가 모호하여 원하는 결과를 얻을 수 없거나 향후 업무처리에 영향을 미치게 되는 ER모델의 문제점

• 부채꼴 함정: Fan Trap, 개체집합(Entity Set) 사이에 관계성 집합(Relation Set)이 정의되어 있기는하지만 관계성 예시가 모호한 경우
• 균열 함정: Chasm Trap, 개체집합 사이에 관계성 집합이 정의되어 있기는 하지만 일부 개체집합과 개체집합 사이에 관계성이 존재하지 않는 경우

반정규화​

정규화된 엔티티 타입, 속성, 관계를 시스템의 성능향상, 개발과 운영의 편의를 위해 데이터 모델을 통합하는 프로세스

DB 운영​

트랜잭션​

데이터의 정확한 일관성과 무결성을 보장하기 위해 완전히 종료해야하는 데이터베이스 처리의 논리적 작업 단위(Logical Unit of Work)

• 원자성: Atomicity, 분해가 불가능한 수행 단위로 완전히 수행 또는 수행되지 않음
• 일관성: Consistency, 트랜잭션이 성공적으로 완료되면 언제나 모순이 없는 상태 유지, 무결성 제약 조건
• 고립성: Isolation, 트랜잭션 실행 중 중간 연산 결과는 다른 트랜잭션 접근 불가
• 영속성: Durability, 성공적으로 완료된 트래잭션은 어떤 고장에도 손실 되어서는 안됨

트랜잭션 상태 전이​

• 실행 상태: Active
• 부분 완료: Partially Committed
• 완료 상태: Committed
• 실패 상태: Failed
• 철회 상태: Aborted

동시성 제어​

다중 사용자 환경을 지원하는 데이터베이스 시스템에서 여러 트랜잭션들이 성공적으로 동시에 실행될 수 있도록 지원하는 기능

• 트랜잭션 스케쥴: 각 트랜잭션을 구성하는 연산들이 시스템에서 시간에 따라 실행되는 순서
• 직렬가능성: Serializability, 트랜잭션들을 병행처리한 결과가 트랜잭션들을 순차적으로 처리한 결과와 같은 것
• 갱신분실 문제: Lost update problem
  • 트랜잭션이 동일 데이터를 동시에 갱신할 경우 발생하는 문제
  • 이전 트랜잭션이 데이터를 갱신한 후 트랜잭션이 종료하기 전에 이후 트랜잭션이 갱신 값을 덮어 쓰는 경우 오류 발생
• 불일치 문제: Inconsistency analysis problem
  • 다중 사용자 트랜잭션들이 동시에 실행될 때 DB가 일관성 없는 모순된 상태로 남는 문제
• 연쇄복귀 문제: Cascading rollback problem
  • 복수의 트랜잭션이 데이터 공유 시 특정 트랜잭션이 처리를 취소할 경우 다른 트랜잭션이 처리한 부분에 대해 취소 불가능

동시성 제어 기법​

• Locking
  • 트랜잭션이 사용하는 자원에 대해 상호배제(Mutual Exclusive) 기능을 제공하는 기법
  • 상호배제는 특정 트랜잭션이 데이터 항목에 대해 락을 설정하면 잠금을 설정한 트랜잭션이 언락될 때까지 데이터를 독점적으로 사용
• Time-stamp Ordering
  • 트랜잭션이 시스템에 입력될 때 타임스탬프 부여, 트랝개션의 수행 순서를 제어
  • 타임스탬프 값이 나중인 트랜잭션이 타임스탬프 값이 우선인 트랜잭션에 접근하고 있는 데이터 항목에 대한 접근을 요청하는 경우 롤백 당함
  • 직렬성 보장
  • 데드락 방지
• 낙관적 기법
  • 트랜잭션이 수행되는 동안 어떠한 검사도 실행하지 않음
  • 트랜잭션 수행 마지막에 갱신 사항들이 직렬가능성을 위반하는 경우가 있는지만 검사하여 이상이 없을 경우 트랜잭션을 확정
• 낙관적 기법 단계
  • Read Phase: DB를 읽고 개인적인 복사로 갱신, 트랜잭션 갱신은 모두 임시 갱신파일에 기록, 다른 트랜잭션에 의해 접근 불가능
  • Validation Phase: 가해진 변화가 데이터베이스의 무결성과 일관성에 영향을 주지 않을 것이라는 것을 보장하기 위해 검증됨, 이상 있을 경우 트랜잭션 재시작 및 롤백.
  • Write Phase: 변경사항이 영구적으로 DB에 적용됨

Locking 기법​

• Shared Lock: 공유 잠금한 트랜잭션은 데이터 항목에 대해 읽기만 가능, 다른 트랜잭션도 읽기 만 실행 가능
• Exclusive Lock: 전용 잠금한 트랜잭션은 데이터 항목에 대해 읽기와 쓰기 모두 가능, 다른 트랜잭션은 읽기/쓰기 불가.
• DB -> Table -> Row -> Column: Locking overhead 증가, 자료 공유성 높음.

2 Phase Locking​

모든 트랜잭션이 lock과 unlock 연산을 확장단계와 수축단계로 구분하여 수행

• 확장단계: 트랜잭션은 lock만 수행할 수 있고, unlock은 수행할 수 없는 단계
• 수축단계: 트랜잭션은 unlock만 수행할 수 있고, lock은 수행할 수 없는 단계
• 직렬간으성을 보장할 수 있는 규약으로 가장 많이 사용됨.
• 교착상태 발생될 수 있으나 예방과 탐지로 해결.

2 Phase Commit​

분산 데이터베이스 환경에서 원자성을 보장하기 위해 분산 트랜잭션에 포함하는 메커니즘 Prepare와 Commit 단계를 통해 모든 노드가 커밋하지 않으면 롤백하는 기법

• Phase 1: 준비 단계
  • 한 지역노드에서 커밋 요구, Global Coordinator가 Commit Point Site 결정
  • Prepare Message 를 전송하고 원격 노드는 Prepare Message Reply
• Phase 2: 커밋 단계
  • 모든 지역 노드가 커밋 준비되었다는 것을 받은 경우 각 노드에 Commit을 명령함
  • Global Coordinator가다른 지역 노드로부터 에러 보고를 받을 시 롤백 명령

DB 회복​

장애 발생시 데이터베이스를 장애 발생 이전 데이터베이스의 내용에 모순이 없는 일관된 상태로 복원시키는 것을

장애 유형​

• 트랜잭션: Transation Failure, 잘못된 입력, 데이터를 찾을 수 없는경우, 오버플로우, 가용자원 초과 요청 등으로 트랜잭션 동작 불가
• 시스템: System Failure, 교착상태로 트랜잭션이 작업 불가, 하드웨어 오작동으로 휘발성 기어장치의 데이터 손실
• 미디어: Media Failure, 비휘발성 기억장치(하드디슼) 고장으로 디스크 블록이 붕괴

회복 요건​

• 덤프: 데이터베이스 내용을 일정기간마다 다른 저장소에 저장, 백업정책에 의거하여 다른 디스크 또는 특정 가용 공간에 복사
• 로그: 데이터베이스 내용이 변경될 때마다 변경 내용을 로그파일에 실시간 저장

회복 기법​

• 지연갱신
  • 트랜잭션이 부분완료 상태에 이르기 전까지 발생한 모든 변경내용을 로그파일에 기록하고, DB에 저장하는 것을 지연시키는 방법
  • 트랜잭션 실패시 로그파일의 내용만을 폐기하면 되므로 Undo필요없음
• 즉시갱신
  • 변경내용을 DB와 로그파일에 동시에 저장
  • 트랜잭션 수행 도중 실패한 경우 로그파일의 내용을 참조하여 변경 이전 값으로 수정하는 Undo과정 필요
• 검사점: Check Point
  • 변경내용을 로그파일에 기록하고, 일정시간마다 체크포인트를 발생시켜 그때까지의 변경사항을 디스크에 저장, 로그파일에는 체크포인트를 기록
  • 장애시 체크포인트 이전 처리된 트랜잭션은 회복작업에서 제외하고, 이후 처리된 트랜잭션에 대해서만 Redo 또는 Undo 수행.
  • Check point interval 관리 필요
• 그림자페이지: Shadow Page Table
  • 트랜잭션 실행 중 현재 페이지 테이블과 그림자 페이지 테이블을 이용
  • 현재 페이지 테이블은 메인메모리, 그림자 페이지 테이블은 하드디스크에 저장
  • 트랜잭션 변경 연산이 수행되면 현재 페이지의 테이블 내용만 변경하고 그림자 페이지 테이블의 내용은 변경하지 않음
  • 트랜잭션이 성공적으로 완료될 경우, 현재 페이지 테이블의 내용을 그림자 페이지 테이블의 내용으로 저장
  • 데이터 단편화 및 그림자 페이지 테이블 복사, 쓰기에 오버헤드 발생

참조​

• DA 가이드: 한국데이터산업진흥원

• 정보통신분야 기술사 훑어보기
• 기술사: IT경영
• 기술사: 융합 IT
• 기술사: 프로젝트관리
• 기술사: 소프트웨어 공학
• 기술사: 정보보안
• 기술사: 데이터베이스
• 기술사: 네트워크
• 기술사: 알고리즘
• 기술사: 에세이

정보보안 개요​

정보보안 정의​

정보보안 FW​

OWASP 10대 취약점​

정보보안 위협​

정보보호 통제 활동​

관리적 보안​

CC 인증​

• Common Criteria 인증

ISO 27001​

ISMS-P​

BCP​

• Business Continuity Planning
• RTO: Recovery Time Objective
  • 서비스 재개를 위한 목표 복구 시간
  • 금융기관: 2h
• RPO: Recovery Point Objective
  • 목표 복구 시점 데이터 손실을 시간으로 환산한 개념
  • 금융기관: 0

DRP​

• Disaster Recovery Planning

물리적 보안​

생체 인식​

• Biometrics

기술적 보안​

기술적 보안 정의​

• 인증, 접근제어, 암호화

암호화 종류​

DES​

• Data Encryption Standard
• Feistal 구조
• 한국 SEED 128bit -> ARIA 128bit SPN 구조

RSA​

• Rivest Shamir Adleman

키교환 방식​

Diffie-Hellman​

KDC 방식​

• Key Distribution Center

전자서명​

이중서명​

2FA​

PKI​

• Public Key Infrastructure

SSO​

• Single Sign On
• SSO --권한관리--> EAM --계정관리--> IAM
  • Enterprise Access Mgmt.
  • Identity & Access Mgmt.

SAML​

• Security Assertion Markup Language

OAuth​

AAA​

• Authentication / Authorization / Accounting

OTP​

• One Time Password

접근제어​

• 벨라파둘라
• Biba Integrity
• 클락 & 윌슨

Firewall​

IDS​

• Instrusion Detection System: 침입탐지시스템

IPS​

• Instrusion Protection System: 침입방지시스템

IPSec​

• Internet Protocol Security Protocol

SSL/TLS​

• Secure socket Layer / Transport Layer Security

VPN​

• Virtual Private Network

NAC​

• Network Access Control

UTM​

• Unified Threat Management

ESM​

• Enterprise Security Management

TMS​

• Threat Management System

융합 보안​

무선네트워크 보안​

단말보안​

DLP​

• Data Loss Prevention

MDM​

• Mobile Device Management

디지털 컨텐츠 보호기술​

DOI​

• Digital Object Identifier

INDECS​

• Interoperability of Data in E-Commerce System: 전자상거래의 정보 교환을 위한 지적 재산권 관련 메타데이터 모델

디지털 워터마크​

핑거프린트​

DRM​

• Digital Right Management

CAS​

• Conditional Access System

Secure OS​

Hardening​

스마트폰 보안​

클라우드컴퓨팅 보안​

컴퓨터 포렌식​

디지털증거개시제​

• e-Discovery

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 보안​

개인정보보호​

정보보안 관련 법​

정보보안 응용​

정보보안 목표​

기무가

• 기밀성: Confidentiality, 정보 누출 방지
• 무결성: Integrity, 정보의 변조 및 파괴를 예방하고 방지
• 가용성: Availability, 해킹으로 인한 시스템 동작 불능 예방
• 인증: Authentication, 정당한 사용자 확인
• 책임 추적성: Accountability, 행위를 부인하는 것을 봉쇄

정보보안 분류​

• 물리적 보안: Physical Security
• 기술적 보안: Technical Security (논리적 보안, Logical Security)
• 관리적 보안: Management Security

위험​

• 위험성평가: 위협(Theats) X 자산(Assets) X 취약성 (Vulnerability)
• 위협: 정보시스템에 손상을 끼칠 수 있는 잠재성을 가진 행동이나 의도
• 취약성: 정보시스템이 손상을 당할 수 있는 결함이나 약점
• 자산: 정보시스템과 정보가 가지고 있는 가치

• 정보통신분야 기술사 훑어보기
• 기술사: IT경영
• 기술사: 융합 IT
• 기술사: 프로젝트관리
• 기술사: 소프트웨어 공학
• 기술사: 정보보안
• 기술사: 데이터베이스
• 기술사: 네트워크
• 기술사: 알고리즘
• 기술사: 에세이

SW 공학 개요​

SW 개념​

SW 위기​

SW 공학​

SDLC​

• Software Development Life Cycle.

폭포수모델​

프로토타이핑​

나선형모델​

반복점증모델​

반복적 개발 모델​

• Iteration Model.

점증적 개발 모델​

• Incremental Development Model.

진화모델​

• Evolutionary Development Model.

클린룸공학​

• Clean Room Process Model.

개발 방법론​

구조적기법​

정보공학​

객체지향​

컴포넌트기반​

• CBD: Component Based Development

모델기반​

MDA​

• Model Driven Architenture.

서비스기반​

SOA​

데이터, 애플리케이션을 비즈니스 관점에서 표준 블록단위로 나눠 하나의 서비스로 구성한 뒤 웹 서비스 기술 등을 적용 각 서비스를 조합 또는 재사용함으로써 운영체계와 프로그래밍 언어 등에 무관하게 IT자우너을 통합 관리하는 아키텍쳐/모델링/설계패턴

• Service Oriented Architecture.
• 실패요인
  • 조직 변화 수용의 실패
  • ESB의 부하 중앙 집중 문제

MSA​

하나의 어플리케이션을 여러 개의 서비스로 나누어 이 서비스들을 조합하여 본래의 서비스를 제공하는 것 업무 로직을 마이크로 서비스화 하고, 데이터 저장소를 서비스 단위로 분리하여 배치하고, 업무 단위의 독립성을 확보하여 개별적으로 업데이트하고 배포하고 스케일아웃 가능.

• Micro Service Architecture.
• Saga 패턴
  • DB분산 트랜잭션 처리 기법인 2PC가 장애유발 위험이 커서 서비서별로 분리된 DB의 트랜잭션 처리방안이 별도로 필요
  • Saga Execution Coordinator가 로컬 트랜잭션을 관리해주는 방식
  • 하나의 로컬 트랜잭션 단위로 실행, 트랜잭션이 종료될 때 완료 이벤트를 수신하고 순차적으로 다음 로컬 트랜잭션을 실행
  • 중앙 SEC노드가 다음에 실행할 로컬 트랜잭션을 결정
  • 실패 발생시 원래 트랜잭션에 대한 로그를 남기고, 취소상태를 설정한 후 보상 트랜잭션을 실행, 실패시 일정횟수/일정기간동안 반복적으로 재시도.
  • 각 MSA는 자신의 Local Atomic Transation에만 집중하기 때문에 Pending 상태없음. 따라서 Long-Lived 트랜잭션에 적합.
• Enterprise Gateway: API G/W
  • 다양한 API호출에 대한 첫 번째 관문 역할
  • 전사 차원의 관리가 필요한 보안(IAM) 및 트래픽 관리
• Micro Gateway: 경량 API G/W
  • 사용자/타 시스템 API 호출에 대한 종단 관문 역할 수행
• Service Mesh: 서비스망
  • MSA간 직접 통신하지 않고, 애플리케이션 네트워크를 기능을 제공하는 서비스 메쉬를 통해 수행.
  • MSA의 트래픽 문제 해결 대안
  • 사이드카 패턴
    • 모든 응용 프로그램 컨테이너에 사이드카 컨테이너를 추가하여 배포, 서비스의 모든 네트워크 트래픽을 처리.
    • 서비스가 타 서비스를 직접 호출하는 것이 아닌 프록시를 통해 호출하므로 로깅, 모니터링, 보안, 트래픽 제어 가능.

Agile 방법론​

• ASD: Agile Software Development.

XP​

• eXtreme Programming

TDD​

• Test Driven Development
• Need --> Test --> Refactoring --> Code
• Process
  • 단위테스트 형식으로 스펙 작성
  • 실패하는 테스트를 작성하고 확인
  • 스펙을 만족하는 코드를 작성
  • 테스트 확인
  • 코드와 테스트코드 리팩토링
  • 반복

Scrum​

• Role
  • Product Owner
  • Scrum Master
  • Scrum Team
• Process
  • Product Backlog
  • Sprint Backlog
  • Burndown chart
    • 개발 완료까지 남은 작업량을 보여주는 그래프
    • 각 이터레이션 별로 남아있는 작업량을 스토리 포인트라는 것으로 나타낸 것
• Meeting
  • Sprint Planning
  • Daily Scrum
  • Sprint Review
• 특징
  • Transparency
  • Time boxing: 일일 스크럼은 매일같이 15분이라는 짧은 시간에 진행해야함, 스프린트 리뷰는 매 이터레이션마다 주기적으로 진행.
  • Communication: 플래닝포커, 각 사용자 스토리의 구현 난이도/시간을 토론, 협의하는 절차
  • Inspect & Adapt model: 경험주의 모델, 개개인의 경험에 기반하므로 프로젝트마다 고유한 상황과 특징을 갖고 있음, 팀마다 달라지는 걸 허용함.

LEAN​

• 도요타에서 시작, 파레토 법칙으로 정말 중요한 20%에 집중
• 원칙
  • 낭비 제거하라
  • 품질 내재화하라
  • 지식 창출하라
  • 확정을 늦춰라
  • 전체를 최적화하라
  • 사람을 존중하라
  • 빨리 인도하라

DevOps​

개발자와 비 개발자 사이의 대화와 협동, 통합을 강조하고 담당업무와 직급의 장벽을 허물고 상호 이해를 추구 소프트웨어 개발과 IT운영 간의 상호의존 관계를 개선하기 위해 등장, 소프트웨어 제품 및 서비스를 빠르게 생산하려는 조직을 돕는 것이 목적.

SW 공학 응용​

SW 표준​

• 공식 표준
  • ISO 12207
  • ISO 15504
  • ISO 20000
  • ISO 9126
  • ISO 14143
  • IEEE 1471
• 사실 표준
  • CMMI
  • PMBOK
  • ITIL

ISO 15504​

• SPICE: Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination
• 소프트웨어 프로세스를 평가하고 개선함으로써 품질 및 생산성을 높이기 위해 제정한 국제 표준
• 소프트웨어 프로세스와 능력 레벨에 대한 참조 모델을 제시
• 실제로 소프트웨어 프로세스를 평가기 위한 짖침과 심사원 자격 등에 관한 사항 명시
• ISO 12207(소프트웨어 라이프사이클 표준)을 준거하여 소프트웨어 프로세스 영역을 세 영역으로 구분
  • 주요 프로세스, Primary Process
  • 지원 프로세스, Supporting process
  • 조직 프로세스, Organizational process
• 이 프로세스를 정립하여 수행하고 있는 수준에 따라 소프트웨어 개발 조직의 능력을 6단계로 구분
  • 미완성, Incomplete
  • 실행, Performed
  • 관리, Managed
  • 확립, Established
  • 예측, Predictable
  • 최적화, Optimizing

구성도​

상세 프로세스​

• Primary Life Cycle Processes
  • CUS.1 획득
    • CUS.1.1 획득 준비
    • CUS.1.2 공급자 선정
    • CUS.1.3 공급자 감시
    • CUS.1.4 고객 수락
  • CUS.2 공급
  • CUS.3. 요구사항 도출
  • CUS.4. 운영: ITIL
    • CUS.4.1 운영적 사용
    • CUS.4.2 고객 지원
  • ENG.1 개발
    • ENG.1.1 시스템 요구분석 및 설계
    • ENG.1.2 소프트웨어 요구분석
    • ENG.1.3 소프트웨어 설계
    • ENG.1.4 SW 구축
    • ENG.1.5 SW 통합
    • ENG.1.6 SW 시험
    • ENG.1.7 시스템 통합 및 시험
  • ENG.2 시스템과 소프트웨어 유지보수
• Supporting Life Cycle Processes
  • SUP.1 문서화: 이해관계자들의 관점을 공식화
  • SUP.2 형상관리
  • SUP.3 품질보증
  • SUP.4 검증
  • SUP.5 확인
  • SUP.6 합동 검토: 피어리뷰
  • SUP.7 감사: 제 3자 절차 감사
  • SUP.8 문제해결
• Organizational Life Cycle Processes
  • MAN.1 관리
  • MAN.2 프로젝트 관리
  • MAN.3 품질 관리
  • MAN.4 위험 관리
  • ORG.1 조직 정비
  • ORG.2 개선
    • ORG.2.1 프로세스 설정
    • ORG.2.2 프로세스 심사
    • ORG.2.3 프로세스 개선
  • ORG.3 인적자원 관리
  • ORG.4 기반구조: 인프라, 개발환경
  • ORG.5 측정
  • ORG.6 재사용

ISO 9126​

ISO 12119​

ISO 14598​

ISO 25000​

ISO 29119​

ISO 26262​

ISO 61508​

ISO 14143​

IEEE 1471​

PSP/TSP​

SDLC​

4세대 모델​

RAD모델​

컴포넌트 어셈블리 모델​

유지보수/재개발​

SW사업 대가산정 가이드​

SW 직접 구매​

• 구, 분리발주

SW 단계별 발주​

• 구, 분할발주

GS 인증​

• Good Software

SP 인증​

• 프로세스 품질 인증, Software Process

SW 안전​

요구공학​

형상관리​

테스트공학​

도메인공학​

프로덕트라인공학​

SW설계​

SW아키텍처​

UML​

디자인패턴​

참조​

• 전자정부프레임워크 교육신청

• 정보통신분야 기술사 훑어보기
• 기술사: IT경영
• 기술사: 융합 IT
• 기술사: 프로젝트관리
• 기술사: 소프트웨어 공학
• 기술사: 정보보안
• 기술사: 데이터베이스
• 기술사: 네트워크
• 기술사: 알고리즘
• 기술사: 에세이

프로젝트 관리 개요​

프로젝트 실패 현황​

프로젝트 실패 원인분석​

프로젝트 성공 요인​

PMBOK​

• Project Management Body Of Knowledge.
• 프로젝트 관리의 사실항 표준.

프로젝트 관리 프로세스​

PM​

• Project Manager

역할과 책임​

이해관계자들​

조직체계​

관리통제 스킬​

사회, 경제, 환경​

PMO​

• Project Management Office

정의와 필요성​

PMO Model​

PMO Framework​

PMO 사례​

전자정부 PMO​

도입시기별 장단점​

전자정부 PMO Framework​

수행단계별 세부 업무​

프로젝트 단계별 활동 사례​

핵심 성공 요소​

KA​

• Knowledge Area

프로젝트 통합관리​

프로젝트 범위관리​

프로젝트 일정관리​

프로젝트 원가관리​

프로젝트 품질관리​

프로젝트 자원관리​

프로젝트 의사소통관리​

프로젝트 위험관리​

프로젝트 조달관리​

프로젝트 이해관계자관리​

참조​

• Youtube: IT 전문가 - 프로젝트관리 시리즈

유형​

공부법​

1. 한번 듣기
2. 두번 듣기
3. 정답 맞추기
4. 딕테이션
5. 딕테이션 정답맞추기
6. 못 들은 거 쉐도잉

• 정보통신분야 기술사 훑어보기
• 기술사: IT경영
• 기술사: 융합 IT
• 기술사: 프로젝트관리
• 기술사: 소프트웨어 공학
• 기술사: 정보보안
• 기술사: 데이터베이스
• 기술사: 네트워크
• 기술사: 알고리즘
• 기술사: 에세이

융합 IT 개요​

디지털 컨버전스​

융합복잡도​

주요 영역​

가트너​

산업 적용​

서비스 융합​

서비스 정의​

SOA​

• Service Oriented Architecture

ESB​

• Enterprise Service Bus

EDA​

• Event Driven Architecture

Web Service​

SOA 트렌드​

Grid computing​

Utility computing​

SBC​

• Server Based Computing

Cloud computing​

컨텐츠 융합​

컨텐츠 정의​

Web2.0​

Semantic Web​

Lod​

• Linked Open Data

Open API​

Mash up​

HTML5​

디바이스 융합​

N-screen service​

DLNA​

• Digital Living Network Alliance

Mobile Office​

GPGPU​

• General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units

CUDA​

Device API​

Hybrid App​

융합 IT 응용​

4차 산업혁명​

• 3차: 자동화, Automation, 인터넷 기반 연결성 강화
• 4차: 자율화, Autonomisation, 사람-사물-공간의 초연결, 초지능화, 융합과 연결성 극대화
• 주요기술: 사물인터넷, 로봇공학, 3D 프린팅, 빅데이터, 인공지능
  • 미래창조과학부 기준: 스마트공장, 자율주행자동차 & 스마트교통, 스마트홈, 스마트 헬스케어, 스마트인프라

자율주행 자동차​

• ICT 플랫폼 기업이 높은 생선성과 많은 가입자를 토재로 산업 생태계 변화를 주도, 기존 기업들도 플랫폼 사업자로의 변화를 시도
• 기술 아키텍쳐
  • 환경정보인지: ADAS 센서, V2X (Vehicle to Everything), 정밀지도
  • 판단: 주행전략 결정, 주행경로 생성
  • 제어: 차량제어 (조향각, 가감속 제어)
  • HMI (Human Machine Interface)로 운전자와 통신
  • ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems
• 정의
  • 자율주행자동차 시스템은 정보수집, 판단, 주행전략, 차량제어로 이어짐.
  • 각종 센서와 GPS, V2X 통신기술을 통해 주변 환경과 경로를 탐색.
  • 딥러닝, 데이터 분석 등 알고리즘을 통해 판단/주행 전략 수립.
  • 차량 제어

센서​

ADAS​

• 에이다스: Advanced Driver Assistant System
  • 전방 충돌방지 보조(FCA, Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist)
  • 차로 이탈방지 보조(LKA, Lane Keeping Assist)
  • 후측방 충돌방지 보조(BCA, Blind-Spot Collision-Avoidance Assist)
  • 안전 하차 보조(SEA, Safety Exit Assist)
  • 운전자 주의 경고(DAW, Driver Attention Warning)
  • 후측방 모니터(BVM, Blind-spot View Monitor)
  • 스마트 크루즈 컨트롤(SCC, Smart Cruise Control)
  • 차로 유지 보조(LFA, Lane Following Assist)
  • 고속도로 주행 보조(HDA, Highway Driving Assist)
  • 서라운드 뷰 모니터(SVM, Surround View Monitor)
  • 후방 교차 충돌방지 보조(RCCA, Rear Cross-Traffic Collision-Avoidance Assist)
  • 후방 주차 충돌방지 보조(PCA, Parking Collision-Avoidance Assist)
  • 원격 스마트 주차 보조(RSPA, Remote Smart Parking Assist)
• 운전자 졸음 경고: 영상인식, HVI
• 사각지대 감시(BSM, Blind Spot Monitoring): 근거리 RADAR, 초음파센서
• 주차 보조 장치(IPAS, Intelligent Parking Assist System): 초음파센서, 근거리 RADAR
• 적응형 상향등 제어(AHBD, Adaptive High Beam Control): 영상인식, RADAR
• 야간 시각(NV, Night Vision): 적외선 카메라

모바일 플랫폼​

Android​

• Activity: User Interface를 가지는 하나의 화면
• Service: 백그라운드에서 동작하는 컴포넌트
• Content Provider: Application Data를 공유하기 위한 컴포넌트
• Broadcast Receiver: System-wide 브로드캐스트 알림에 반응하기 위한 컴포넌트

참조​

• Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2023
• Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2024
• Gartner Hype Cycle 2023
• Youtube: IT 전문가 - 융합IT 시리즈
• IT 경영