"ielts" 태그로 연결된 16개 게시물개의 게시물이 있습니다.

• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

activity​

Describe an activity you did with another person

- What the activity was: Riding a bike
- Where and where you did it: from 보라매 to 여의도, bike path
- Who you did it with: wife
- and why you chose that person
  - like her: a lot in common
    - exercise regularly
    - have the same taste in food
  - felt compfotable: know each other in and out

Describe an activity that made you feel tired

- What the activity was: cleaning my home
- When and where it was: about this time, last month, home
- Why you took part in it:
  - took in charge of cleaning bathroom
  - better than my wife
- And explain why it made you feel tired
  - clean the floor: brush every tiles
  - get wet: although carefully, ended up getting wet

person​

Describe a successful person you know

- Who they are: 손흥민, soccer player for Tottenham, a team that belongs to the English Premier League.
- What they do: stricker, one of the best players in his team.
- How you learnt about them: through media: TV and Internet news, these days advertisements.
- And explain why you think they are successful
  - famous: a World cup player, a member of the national team.
  - rich: according to the news, his salary is over 100 million dollars.

occasion​

Describe an occasion when you waited for a long time for a nice thing

- When it happened: last year
- What the nice thing was: rode a wooden rollercoster
- Why you waited for a long time:
- And explain how you felt about the experience
  - exhousted: waited for 2 hours in line.
  - excited: the ride was thrilling.

cooking​

Describe someone you know who loves cooking.

- Who this person is: my mom
- How you know her: actually, I don't need to explain about her, she is my mom.
- What kinds of food she cooks: she can cook Korean, Chinese, and Western dishes. all the certificates for those.
- And explain why you think she loves cooking.
  - loves cook for the family: finished eating the food, told her it was delicious, always happy.
  - likes to cook because she is really good at it: has certificates for cooking, really enjoys cooking itself.

photo​

Describe a photo that makes you happy.

- What the photo is like: a photo taken in Thailand
- When and where you took this photo: about this time last year, with my wife to celebrate our anniversary
- How often you watch it: every single day, my smartphone’s background image
- And explain why this photo makes you happy.
  - I can recall that time
    - swimming on the beach and eating various local foods.
  - I remember how much I love traveling.
    - It makes me excited to think about saving money for future trips.

language​

Describe a foreigner who can speak your language well.

- who she is: vicky
- how you know her: met her on the chat
- why she can speak your language well: learn Korean every single day.
- and explain how you feel about this person.
  - impressed
    - her skills are improving rapidly.
    - pronunciation is very accurate.
  - encouraged
    - motivates me to learn English.
    - have started to memorize English words.

athlete​

Describe a famous athlete you know.

- who he is: 손흥민
- how you knew him: saw him on television, a member of national team
- what he has achieved: won the asian games
- and explain why he is famous.:
  - a member of English Premier League called Tottenham
  - has lots of experiences.
  - has a good sense of humor.

computer​

Describe a time when you solve a problem by using a computer.

- what the problem was: one of my servers was worn out
- how you solved the problem: I searched for error messages online
- how long it took to solve this problem: it took 2 hours
- and explain how you felt about this experience.
  - flustered
  - exhousted
  - sense of achievement

park​

Describe a park or garden in your city.

- when you go there
- what it is like
- what you do there
- and explain how you feel about it.

painting​

Describe a painting

- when you first saw this painting
- what the painting is about
- who the painter is
- and explain how you feel about this painting

party​

Describe a party that you enjoyed.

- when you went to the party
- where the party was
- what kind of party it was
- and explain why you enjoyed this party

science​

Describe a science subject (Biology, Robotics) that you are interested in

- which subject it is
- where you learnt it
- how you learnt it
- and explain why you are interested in it

rule​

Describe a rule that is important in your school or at work.

- what the rule is about
- what happens when people break this rule
- why you think it is an important rule
- and explain how you feel about the rule

unknown person​

Describe someone you don’t know, but would like to know more about

- who this person is
- what they are like
- what interesting things they have done
- and say why you want to know more about him/her

time​

Describe a period of time that changed your life

- when it was
- who you were with
- what happened
- and explain why it changed your life

tired activity​

Describe an activity that made you feel tired

- when it happened
- where it took place
- what the activity was
- and explain why it made you feel tired

country​

Describe a place in your country that you’re interested in

- where it is
- how you knew it
- why you are interested in it

bad service​

Describe an occasion when you received bad service

- who provided this service
- what service it was
- when you received this service
- and explain how you felt about it.

sports program​

Describe a sports program you like to watch

- what the sport is
- when and where it is held
- who you watch it with
- and say why you enjoy watching it

business person​

Describe a successful business person you know.

- who this person is
- how you knew them
- what business he/she does
- And explain why he/she is successful

interesting person​

Describe a person who always has interesting ideas or opinions

- who this person is
- what this person does
- how you knew him/her
- And explain why you think his/her ideas/opinions are interesting

beautiful city​

Describe a beautiful city

- where the city is
- how you knew the city
- what buildings the city has
- and explain what it is famous for

advice​

Describe a piece of good advice that you gave to someone

- who you gave the advice to
- what the advice was
- why you gave the advice
- and explain how he/she followed your advice

proud task​

Describe a difficult task that you completed at work/study that you felt proud of

- what the task was
- how you completed it
- why the task was difficult
- why you were proud of the completion of the task

advertisements​

Describe a good advertisement that you think is useful

- Where you can see it
- What it shows
- Why you think it is useful
- And explain how you feel about it

time when saved money​

Describe a time when you saved money to buy an expensive gift for others.

- what the gift is
- who you would give the gift to
- how long it will take to save the money
- and explain how you felt about it.

water sport​

Describe a water sport you want to learn in the future.

- what it is
- what you need to do this sport
- why you want to learn this sport
- and explain whether it is difficult or easy to learn this sport.

time with a child​

Describe an occasion when you spent time with a young child.

- who this child is
- where you spent time with this child
- what you did together
- and how you felt about it.

traditional festival​

Describe a traditional festival in your country

- what the festival is
- when and where it is held
- what happens at the festival
- and say if you enjoy the festival

new comer​

Describe a person who moved into new accommodation/who moved to your community.

- Who this person is
- When this person moved to a new place/your community
- What this person did
- And explain how you feel about this person

incorrect information​

Describe an occasion when you got incorrect information.

- why you need this information
- how you got it
- how you found it was incorrect
- and how you felt about this experience.

speach​

Describe a speech you gave

- Who you gave the speech to
- What the speech was about
- Why you gave the speech
- And explain how you felt about the speech

clothing​

Describe a piece of clothing you often wear.

- what it is
- how often you wear it
- what it is like
- and explain why you enjoy wearing it.

adventure​

Describe an adventure you would like to go on

- where you would go
- who you would like to go with
- when you want to do this
- and explain why you want to go on this adventure.

happy memory​

Describe a happy memory in your childhood.

- What it was about
- Who you were with
- What you did
- And explain how you felt about it.

useful invention​

Describe an invention that is useful in your daily life.

- what the invention was
- what it can do
- how popular it is
- and explain whether it is difficult or easy to use.

lost and needed help​

Describe an occasion when you got lost and needed help

- when and where it was
- what happened
- how you felt
- and say how you found your way

to visit place​

Describe a place you would like to visit in the future

- where it is
- what it’s like
- how you would travel there
- and say why you want to visit that place

job​

Describe a job you are interested in.

- what it is
- when you heard about this job for the first time
- what qualities it requires
- and explain why you are interested in this job.

crowded place​

Describe a crowded place you went to

- where the place was
- when you went there
- how many people were there
- and say how you felt about the experience

expensive gift​

Describe an expensive gift you would like to buy

- what the gift is
- who you would buy it for
- where you would buy it
- and say why you would like to buy it

important decision​

Describe an important decision you made

- what the decision was
- where you were
- how you made the decision
- and say why it was difficult to make

ideal house​

Describe an ideal house or apartment

- what kind of accommodation it is
- where it is
- what it would look like
- and say why it would be ideal

helpful person​

Describe a helpful person

- who the person is
- how you know them
- what they do to help people
- and say when they help you

book​

Describe a book you want to read for a second time.

- what the book is about
- how you knew this book
- and explain why you read it more than once.

popular person​

Describe a popular person.

- who he/she is
- why he/she is popular
- and explain how you feel about him/her.

long car journey​

Describe a long car journey you went on.

- where you went
- what you did there
- who you went there with
- and explain why you went on that journey by car.

recent opened shop​

Describe a new shop that recently opened in your city/town.

- where the shop is
- what it sells
- what kinds of people usually go to this shop
- and explain how successful you think it will be in the future.

game​

Describe a game you enjoyed playing when you were younger

- what it was: starcraft
- where and when you played it: internet cafe with my friends
- how you played it: since it was computer game, I played that using computer.
- and say why you enjoyed playing it:
  - could compete with my friends
    - won the game: could feel a sence of achievement.
  - had three playable characters
    - could play different character whenever I wanted.
    - liked play Protoss, because it was easy to play.

smart person​

Describe a person who solved a problem in a smart way

- who the person is: Vicky, she is my wife.
- what the problem was: frequently forgot passwords
- how the person solved the problem: password managemnet service
- and explain why you think the person did it smartly
  - practical solution
    - eliminates the need to remember multiple complex passwords, reducing stress.
  - time-saving
    - allows for quick access to accounts without resetting forgotten passwords.

hate film​

Describe a film you didn’t like/were disappointed about.

- What the film was
- Why you didn’t like it
- Why you decided to watch it
- And explain how you felt about it.

참조​

• YourIELTS Part2 & 3

• Part1
• Part2
• Part3
• Flaws

fishing​

• Is fishing popular in your country?
  • popular, a lot of lakes and rivers, enjoy fishing there
• Do you like eating fish?
  • love sushi and sasimi, fish for dinner with
• Have you ever been to a place where there are lots of fish around you?
  • Han River, a lot of small fish swimming in the river, ❌ catch them, the water seemed dirty
• Have you seen any movies with lots of fish?
  • Finding nemo, tropical fishes
• Why do people go fishing?
  • enjoy the experience, eat the fish by cooking it

running​

• Do you like running?
  • like running, used to run around, a lot on my plate.
• Where do you go running?
  • 보라매 park, 5mins/on foot/보라매 station
• How often do you go running?
  • Once a week, prefer walking to running, safey exercise for my back and knees
  • Once a week, used to run once a month, want to do exercise more
• Which places do you think are perfect for running?
  • 보라매 park, a running track, run with others
• Do you think running is a good way to stay healthy?
  • feel a sence of achievement, relieve my stress

coffee/tea​

• Do you like to drink coffee or tea?
  • drink it every morning, prefer hand-dripped coffee to instant coffee
• Do most people prefer tea or coffee today?
  • wake up by drinking coffee, enjoy the taste of coffee
• How often do you drink coffee or tea?
  • drink coffee every single day, make hand-dripped coffee and take it
• Are coffee and tea popular in your country?
  • the most popular beverage, on every corner, at least twice a day

helping people​

• Do you usually help people around you?
  • always help people around me, it gives me a sense of achievement.
• How do you help people around you?
  • if my friends are in trouble, try to call them and listen to their concerns.
• Do your parents teach you how to help others?
  • teach me to help others with a true heart, when I give a hand, it shouldn't be just for show.

robots​

• Are you interested in robots?
  • can help with what humans do, copies human motions.
• Would you like to have robots in your home?
  • have a robot vaccume cleaner, it is very helpful to clean my home.
• Are robots important?
  • can do dangerous human activites, can be friends for lonely people.
• How can robots affect people's lives?
  • by automating activities, can replace human activites like dangerous work, can be helpful to replace house chores.
• Would you like to drive a robot operated car?
  • don't have to drive and can just enjoy the ride, can watch TV and text with my friends while using the car.

maps​

• Do you often use maps?
  • when I visit a place for the first time, use them to check traffic and estimate arrival time.
• Are you good at reading maps?
  • can easily find locations on maps, good at navigating and don't often get lost.
• Do you prefer electronic or paper maps?
  • electronic maps are better, paper maps can be heavy and difficult to handle, only need my smartphone.
• How often do you maps on your phone?
  • use map applications on my phone once a day, check the estimated time for public transportation.
• When was the first time when you used a map?
  • can't remember exactly when I first used a map, maybe I was six, went to church so I had to find out which bus I needed to get on.
• Did you learn to use maps when you were a child?
  • my father taught me how to read maps, they were paper maps, so they were heavy because they had over two hundred pages.

Chatting​

• Do you like chatting with friends?
  • catch up with them, get updates
• What do you usually chat about with friends?
  • hobbies, life, and exercise routine, share my daily activites, send them pictures
• Do you prefer to chat with a group of people or with one friend?
  • chatting with just one friend, need to share a secret
• Do you prefer to communicate face-to-face or via social media?
  • I prefer to meet my friends in person
• Do you argue with friends?
  • but I haven't argued with my friends recently, try to understand them.
• Have your discussion topics changed since you were a child?
  • child: comics or computer games
  • now: money and stocks

Riding a bike/bicycles​

• How often do you ride a bicycle?
  • once a month, can ride around the park to enjoy nature
• Did you have a bike when you were a child?
  • had a bike, father gave it to me, enjoyed riding my bike because I could play with my friends.
• Did you ride a bike to school?
  • didn't, school was near my home, took 10minutes on foot, didn't need to ride it.
• Is it difficult to learn to ride a bike?
  • it depends on people, it's easy to learn, I learned to ride a bike in just three days
• Is it popular to ride a bike in your country?
  • popular, 따릉이, it allows people to easily borrow bikes
• When was the last time you used your bicycle?
  • 10 years ago, don't have my own bicycle, use the bike rental service.
• Will you teach your children to ride a bicycle?
  • will teach my children, it's the fastest way to learn, just like my father taught me.

Noise​

• Do you mind noises?
  • mind noises, I'm sensitive, use AirPods to reduce noises.
• Do any noises bother you?
  • My neighbor's baby is often crying, I go out to find a quieter place.
• Is there too much noise in our world today?
  • too much noise around us, traffic noise and other sounds, loud music playing.
• What kind of noise do you come across every day?
  • hear noise every day, It's mostly K-pop songs, they play everywhere I go, I don't want to listen
• What sounds do you like?
  • I like music, It's calm and enjoyable to listen to.
• What sounds do you dislike?
  • I dislike loud music,

Films/Cinema​

• Did you usually go to the cinema when you were a child?
• Do you often go to the cinema with your friends?
• Do you still like the same kind of movie you liked as a child?
• What films do you like?
• How often do you go to the cinema?
• Did you usually go to the cinema when you were a child?
• What was the 1st film that you watched?
• Do you prefer foreign films or films made in your country?

Musical Instruments​

• Do you know how to play a musical instrument?
• Do you think students should learn to play musical instruments at school?
• Have you taken any classes on musical instruments in school?

Geography​

• Do you like Geography?
• Do you think Geography is useful?
• Have you ever studied Geography at school?
• Do you want to be a geographer in the future?

Gifts​

• What's the best gift you've ever received?
• Do you like to give expensive gifts?
• How often do you buy gifts for other people?
• Have you ever given handmade gifts to others?
• Have you ever received a gift you didn't like?
• Are you good at choosing gifts?

Clothes​

• What clothes do you like to wear?
• What kind of clothes do you never wear?
• Do you wear the same clothes on weekdays and weekends?
• What colour clothes do you like?
• Do you prefer to wear comfortable and casual clothes or smart clothes?
• Do you spend a lot of time choosing clothes?

Science​

• Do you like science?
• What's your favorite science subject?
• When did you start to learn science?
• Is there any technology that you think is helpful in daily life?
• Do you think science classes are important?

Transport​

• What's the most popular means of transport in your hometown?
• How do you go to work/school?
• Will you use public transport more in the future?
• Will you drive more in the future?
• Are there any traffic problems in your area?

Bags​

• Do you like bags?
• What kinds of bags do you like?
• Do you have different bags for different occasions?
• Do you often change bags?
• Do you usually carry a bag when you go out?
• What do you put in your bag?
• What factors do you consider when you buy a bag?
• Have you ever lost a bag?
• What bags do women like to buy?
• Is a bag an ideal gift?

Fixing things​

• Can you fix things?
• What kinds of things can you fix?
• Have you ever asked people to teach you how to fix things?
• Do you think fixing things is a necessary skill?

Rain​

• Do you like rainy days?
• What do you do on rainy days?
• What do you usually do when it starts to rain and you’re outside?
• Do you think that rain is good?
• How does rain affect life in your country?
• Does it rain much in your city?
• Is there any part in your country where it doesn’t rain much?
• Have you ever changed your plans because of rain?
• Would you like to live in a dry or wet place?
• Do you prefer wet or dry weather?

Ice cream​

• Do you like ice cream?
• What’s your favourite flavour?
• Did you eat ice cream when you were a child?
• Are there any shops selling ice cream near your home?
• Can you make ice cream by yourself?

Wild animals​

• What’s your favourite wild animal?
• Are there many wild animals in your country?
• Have you ever seen wild animals?
• Have you ever been to a zoo or a safari park?
• Where can you see wild animals in your area?
• What animal would you like to see in the wild?
• Do you like watching animals in the zoo?
• Are there TV programs about wild animals in your country?

Teachers​

• Would you like to be a teacher?
• Do you think you could be a teacher?
• Did you have a favourite teacher?
• How did this teacher help you?
• Do you remember your teachers from primary school?
• Do you have a favorite teacher?
• Do you want to be a teacher in the future?

Dreams/Ambitions​

• Do you think you are an ambitious person?
  • want to immigrate to the United Arab Emirates someday.
  • good place to live.
• What was your dream when you were a child?
  • My dream was to be a judge
  • This might sound funny
    • wanted to remove a stone in front of the school
    • sometimes tripped over it
• What is your main ambition in life now?
  • want to immgrate or get a job abroad, after I get the IELTS score.
  • In fact, want to live in the United Arab Emirates, because it is the safest place in the world.
• Are you the kind of person who never gives up on your dreams?
  • I think a person who doesn't have their dream is like a dead person.
  • Having a dream makes people...

Concentration​

• Are you a focused person?
• What do you do to help you concentrate?
• How do you stay focused?
• When do you need to be focused?
• Did you stay focused in class when you were a child?
• Is it difficult for you to stay focused on something?
• When is it hard for you to concentrate?
• What may distract you?
• Is it easy for you to do 2 things at the same time?

Friends​

• How important are friends to you?
• Where do you often meet?
• What do you usually do with your friends?
• Do you have many friends?
• Do your friends think you’re a good friend?
• What kind of friend would you like to meet in the future?
• What kind of people do you like to have as friends?
• Do you prefer to spend time alone or with friends?

Days Off​

• Do you usually spend your day off with your parents or friends?
• What do you often do on your day off?
• When was your last day off?
• How often do you have days off?

Languages​

• What languages do you speak?
• What foreign languages have you studied?
• Why did you choose to study that language?
• How did you learn that language?
• Do you think it's difficult to learn a new language?
• Will you learn another language in the future?
• Is it hard to learn a foreign language?

Days of the Week​

• What’s your favourite day of the week?
• How do you usually spend your time on this day?
• What’s your typical daily routine?
• Is there anything that you do every day?
• What do you usually do at the weekends?
• Which day is your least favourite day?

Health​

• What do you do to stay healthy?
• What is your favourite sport?
• Are there health classes in your school?
• What is your favorite sport?
• Do you have any advice on keeping healthy for youngsters?

Work/Studies​

• Do you work or are you a student?
• Why did you choose this kind of work/to study this subject?
• Do you like your job?
• What’s the most interesting part of being a ... (... / student)?
• What’s the most difficult part of being a ... (... / student)?
• What do you dislike about your work or studies?
• What was your dream job when you were a child?
• Have you changed your mind since then?
• What kind of work would you like to do in the future?

Accommodation​

• Do you live in a house or an apartment/flat?
• Can you describe the place where you live?
• What do you like about living there? What do you like about your flat?
• Which is your favourite room in your home? Why?
• Which room does your family spend most time in?
• What can you see from the windows?
• Would you change anything about your home? Why/why not?
• Would you like to move to a different home in the future?
• What sort of accommodation would you most like to live in?

Home Decoration​

• What kind of decoration do you prefer?
• How is your home decorated?
• What is your favorite color when decorating your home?
• What colour would you never use in your home?
• What colour would you choose to paint the walls of your room?
• Do people in your country like redecorating their homes?
• What is the new decorating trend for this year?

Hometown​

• Tell me about your hometown.
• What’s your hometown known for?
• Do you like your hometown?
• Is it big or small?
• How long have you been living there?
• Do you think you’ll continue living there for a long time?
• How has your town changed in the last 20 years?

Your Country​

• Where is your country located?
  • located in East Asia, on the Korean Peninsula.
• Which part of your country do most people live in?
  • Seoul, the northwest side, the capital city of Korea.
• What are the main industries in your country?
  • The semiconductor industry, Samsung, specializing in this field.
• What are some of the good things about living in your country?
  • The convenience of public transportation
• What are some of the bad things about living in your country?
  • The transportation restrictions due to North Korea, use planes instead of trains
• What makes you feel proud of your country?
  • because of its safety, a lot of CCTVs at any place, helps to prevent crimes.
• Will you stay in your country in the future?
  • won't, want to live in the UAE, the reason why I'm study for the IELTS.

참조​

• YourIELTS Part1

유형​

공부법​

1. 한번 듣기
2. 두번 듣기
3. 정답 맞추기
4. 딕테이션
5. 딕테이션 정답맞추기
6. 못 들은 거 쉐도잉

기출단어​

사람​

체형​

수염​

얼굴​

헤어스타일​

수업​

학점​

학과​

학교​

음식​

도서관​

교실​

토론​

강좌​

여행​

연결 단어​

• after this
• afterwards: 나중에, 그 뒤에
• and
• and then
• another
• anyway
• by the way
• finally
• first of all
• firstly
• following that
• further option
• got it
• in addition
• initially
• lastly
• let's
• most of all: 그 중에서도, 무엇보다도
• next
• now
• okay
• one more point
• other
• other issue
• other option
• right
• secondly
• so
• thank you: 그만해라 알았다.
• that's great
• then
• to begin with
• to start with

공부 방법​

• 녹음
  • 첫 문장 말하기
  • 두 번째 문장 말하기
  • 세 번째 문장 말하기
• 딕테이션
• 오답노트, 브레인스토밍
• 반복, 일주간 매일 5번씩 읽기

Part1​

• Well, 직접적인 답변
• This is because
• One reason is that
• In the case of ~
• To be specific,
• What I mean is that
• For example,
• In fact,

Do you ever?​

• 습관 질문이라 tend to, tend not to

Part2​

• 키워드, 시제 파악
• 가이드 질문 확인
• 1분 노트 테이킹
• 아이컨택 연습

Part3​

• 1분 타이밍 재고 넘어가면 끊고 아이디어 브레인스토밍
• Well, I can think of 2 reasons / 2 ways
• Well, I think there have been many changes

재질문​

• 못 들었어: Sorry, Could you please repeat the question?
• 빨랐어: Sorry, Could you please slow down a little?
• 단어를 모르겠어: Sorry, Could you please rephrase the question?

Part1​

Format​

Map 패턴​

be p.p. be 에는 was, has been (now), will be (future)

• 변경
  • A be replaced by B: 사물은 by 이다.
  • A be converted into B
• 추가
  • A be built
  • A constructred
  • A developed
• 파괴
  • A be demolished
• 잔존
  • remained unchanged
• 위치 표현
  • next to 건물
  • behind 건물
  • on the north/west/south/east side of 건물,마을,지명
• 마을
  • the town, the park, the island

Process 패턴​

• 종류, 형태, 수일치, 시제 파악.
• In the # stage / progress / step / phase.
• 수동: 가공식품, 제품
  • is p.p. are p.p.
  • cheese, smoked fish, canned fruit, cement...
• 능동: 생물, 자연현상: salmon, moth, water, CO2, rock
  • lay eggs -> hatch -> trow into -> migrate

Part2​

입장, 근거, 예시, 설명, 정리 5문장만 써, 더 하려하지마.

Types​

• 찬성 또는 반대: Agree / Disagree
• 두 가지 견해: Both Views
• 장점과 단점: Advantage & Disadvantage
• 원인 / 문제점과 해결책: Cause / Problem & Solution
• 두 가지 과제: Two-part Question

Format​

Grammar​

• The number increased ... and the figure reached
  • === , with the figure reaching
  • 다른 목적어를 연결하는 경우
• The number increased ... and it reached
  • === , reaching
  • 같은 주어를 연결하는 경우

시제​

• 현재: 사실, 반복
• 현재진행: 동작 강조
• 과거: 과거에 끝난 것
  • was going to: 하려고 했지만 실제론 하지 않은 일
• 과거진행: 과거에 뭘 하고 있었는지 강조
• Used to: 그랬었지~ 해오곤 했었지~ 지금은 안함
• 현재완료
  • 계속 쭉 해오고 있는 것, for/since
  • 경험 해본적이 있는 것
  • 결과 과거의 행동이 현재와 관련이 있는 것, just/already/yet
• 미래
  • will: 예측, 결정한 일
  • be going to:
    • 이미 하기로 결정한 미래의 일
    • 현재 상황을 근거로 미래에 일어날 일을 예측할 때
  • 현재진행: 구체적인 계획/약속/예약
  • 현재: 미래 사실로 시간표/일정 상의 일, 주로 사물 주어
  • be about to: 막 ~하려고 하다, 매우 가까운 미래
• 미래 진행: 미래 특정한 시점에 진행되고 있을 일을 말할 때
• 미래 완료: 미래의 특정한 시점까지는 어떤 일이 완료되었을 것이라고 말할 때
  • by the time: ~할 때쯤 으로 같이 자주 쓴다.
    • By the time the meeting starts, we won't have prepared the sales report.
    • I'll have learend a lot by the time I complete this course.

현재완료​

• ever: 지금까지 (한 번이라도)
  • Have you ever baked muffins?
• never: 해본 적이 전혀 없다.
  • I've never baked muffins.
• have been: 가 본적이 있다.
  • I've been there
  • I haven't been to Paris.
• has gone: 가고 없다.
• 경험의 횟수: once, twice, three times, four times, many times.
  • 이럴 때만 times 를 복수로 씀.
• The best ~ I've ever ~: 지금까지 내가 ~ 해본 최고의 ~
  • That is the best story I've ever heard.
  • It was the best experience I've ever had.

현재완료진행​

• 과거에서 시작해서 지금도 진행 중인 일
• for, since, how long
  • since: 특정 시점 필요 (since noon, since May, since 5 o'clock)
• 과거에서 시작해서 진행되어 오다가 방금 전에 끝난일이 지금까지도 영향을 미치고 있을 때
  • Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
• 진행으로 못 쓰는 동사들: 동작을 나타내지 않음
  • know, remember, understand, believe, agree
  • want, need, love, like, hate,
  • own, possess, belong, contain

미래​

• 시간, 조건 뒤엔 현재가 온다.
• when, while, before, after, until, if

조동사​

• Can: 동사에 강세
• Can't: Can't 에 강세
• Can I: 해도 될까요?
• Can you: 해줄래요?
  • Could: 능력/허락/가능성/추측
  • was/were able to: 특정 상황에 실제로 성공적으로 어떤 일을 해냈다.
    • Our best player didn't play, but we were able to win the game anyway.
  • have/has been able to ~: 특정 시점 이후로 쭉 할 수 있다.
• Must: 확실한 추측, 규정, 규칙
• Have to: ~해야한다
  • don't have to: 할 필요가 없다.
  • didn't have to: 할 필요가 없었다.
  • Did ~ have to
  • will/might have to
• S should R: R 하는 것이 좋겠다.
• Should I: 하는 것이 좋을까요?
  • I think ... should
  • I don't think ... should
• Would you: 해주시겠어요?
• Would you like N: N를 드릴까요?
• Would you like to R: R 하실래요?
• I would like N: N을 주세요.
• I would like to R: R를 하고 싶어요.

could​

• could belong to S.O.: ~의 것일지도 모른다.
• could R: ~할지도 모른다.
• couldn't R: ~할리 없다. (~하는 것이 사실상 불가능하다.)
• could have p.p.: ~했을지도 모른다. 할 수도 있었지만 하지 않았다.
• couldn't have p.p.: ~했을 리 없다. (사실상 불가능했음.)
  • She finished all of her work in just one day. She couldn't have done it alone.

might​

• might R: ~할지도 모른다.
• might not R: ~하지 않을지도 모른다 (그러나 ~할 가능성도 있다)
• might have p.p.: (과거에) ~했을지도 모른다.
• might not have p.p.: (과거에) ~하지 않았을지도 모른다. (했을 가능성도 있음)

should​

• should: ~하는 것이 좋겠다.
• should I/we ~?: ~하는 것이 좋을까요?
• should have p.p.: (과거에) ~했어야 했다. (그러나 하지 않았다.)
• shouldn't have p.p.: (과거에) ~하지 말았어야 했다. (그러나 했다.)
• We should attend: 참석하는 것이 좋지만 반드시 참석해야하는 건 아님
• All employees must attend: 반드시 참석해야함.

had better​

• you'd better, we'd better: ~하는 것이 좋겠다. (강한 충고)
• had better not: ~하지 않는 것이 좋겠다.
  • You'd better not sit there.
• had better: 어떤 일을하지 않으면 좋지 않은 결과가 생길 것
  • Tickets will be sold out soon. You'd better buy some today.
• should: 반드시 해야하는 건 아니지만 어떤 일을 하는 것이 좋겠다는 의견
  • You should buy those tickets. The seats are closer to the stage.

수동태와 조동사​

• will/can/must + be + p.p.

의문문​

• Which: 제한적으로 주어진 몇 가지 중 선택, 어떤~
• What: 선택 제한이 없는 경우, 무엇~ 몇~
• Where ~ from?: ~ 는 어디에서 왔나요?
• How be동사: ~ 은 어떤가요?
• How 형용사/부사: 얼마나 ~
• Be 동사 뒤에 오는 건 보어, 목적어 아님.

What​

• What ~ for?: ~은 무엇을 위한 건가요?, 뭐 때문에 ~하나요?
  • What's this button for?
  • What did you hit me for?
  • What was the cake for?
• What ~ like?: ~은 어떤가요?
  • What is your boss like?
  • What is it like?
  • What was your first date like?

동명사와 to부정사​

• ~ 는 것, ~ 기
• 주어는 동명사만
• Enjoy 는 동명사가 따라옴

동명사만 따라올 수 있는 경우​

• enjoy
• finish
• keep
• mind
• avoid
• give up
• practice
• suggest

to부정사만 따라올 수 있는 경우​

주로 미래: 기대, 소망, 계획, 제안

• want
• need
• hope
• expect
• decide
• plan
• promise
• offer
• choose
• ask
• learn
• refuse

둘 다 오는 경우​

• like
• love
• prefer
• hate
• start
• begin
• continue

의미가 달라지는 경우​

• stop
  • -ing: ~ 하는 것을 멈추다
  • to R: ~ 하려고 하던 걸 멈추다
• try
  • -ing: 시험삼아 ~ 해보다
  • to R: ~ 하려고 노력하다

사역동사​

• have/make/let + 사람 + R: ~ 가 ~ 하게 하다.
• help + 사람 + R: ~ 가 ~ 하는 것을 돕다.

to부정사​

• ~ 하기 위해 (in order to R), 추가적으로 덧붙힐 때
• N + to R: ~ 할 N

수​

U​

• a glass of water
• music
• snow
• sugar
• air
• time
• money
• news
• a cup of coffee
• a loaf of bread

예외​

단복수 같은 단어​

• a/some fish
• a/two sheep
• a/many deer

항상 복수​

두 개의 부분이 모여서 하나의 시물을 이루는 경우

• pajamas
• scissors
• jeans
• shorts
• glasses
• pants
• headphones

위의 명사의 복수형은 a pair of/two pairs of.

관사​

• a/an: 특별히 정해지지 않은 막연한 사람 또는 사물 하나
• the: 어떤 사람, 사물을 가리키는지 명확할 때, 특정 사람 또는 사물을 말할 때
  • 어떤 대상에 대해 처음 말할 때는 a/an, 반복할 때는 the
  • I got an e-mail from S.O. The e-mail was about today's meeting.

The​

필수​

• 세상에 하나 밖에 없는것: the world, the sun, the moon, the earth
• 자연환경: the sky, the sea, the ocean
• 국가/도시 등에 하나 밖에 없는 것: the army, the police, the government
• 방송, 매체: the radio, the internet
• 악기를 연주한다고 할 때 악기 이름 앞에: the guitar, the piano
• 특정 장소 갈 때
  • go to the movies
  • go to the station
  • go to the bank
  • go to the theater
  • go to the airport
  • go to the post office
• in the past, in the future
• the same, the only, the next, the last

사용 안하는 경우​

• 운동: basketball, football, tennis
• 과목: biology, history, marketing
• 식사: breakfast, lunch, dinner
• 집에 있는 경우: go home, at home
• 출퇴근: go to work, at work

비인칭 주어​

• 시간을 말할 때: It's 5 o`clock.
• 날짜를 말할 때: It's August 8.
• 요일을 말할 때: It's Friday.
• 날씨를 말할 때: It's rainy today.
• 거리를 말할 때: It's about 10 kilometers.
• 계절을 말할 때: It's almost spring.

소유격​

• I my mine
• We our ours
• You your yours
• He his his
• She her her
• They their theirs
• 소유격 뒤에 명사를 쓰지 않음.
• 관사 없음.

재귀대명사​

• by -self: 혼자, 스스로: I've lived by myself since 2015.
• Make yourself at home: 편히 쉬세요.

one​

• 앞서 말한 명사를 다시 말할 때 명사 대신 사용: one, ones
• a(n)/the + ADJ + one
• some/the + ADJ + ones
• Which one(s) ~?: 어느 것(들) ~?

한정사​

some, any​

• some, any: 사람 또는 사물의 불특정한 수나 양에 대해 말할 때 명사 앞
• some: 주로 긍정문, yes를 기대하는 권유/요청하는 의문문
• any: 주로 부정문, 의문문
• someone/somebody, anyone, something, anything, somewhere, anywhere: 누군가, 무언가, 어딘가란 의미로 정확히 알 수 없는 사람, 사물, 장소에 대해 말할 때
• someone, something: 주로 긍정문, 권유/요청하는 의문문
• anyone, anything: 주로 부정문, 의문문

no​

• ~ 이 없다
• no + N = not ~ any + N = none
  • I have no questions. = I don't have any questions.
• none: 대명사라 명사와 함께 사용하지 않음.
• no one/nobody, nothing, nowhere: 아무 ~ 도 ~ 않다.

many, much​

• many + [C] PL: 많은 ~, 긍정문, 부정문, 의문문
• much + [U]: 많은 ~, 주로 부정문, 의문문
• 둘 쓰는거 헷갈리므로 회화에서는 a lot of, lots of 활용하는 게 좋음.
• 대명사로도 사용 가능
  • She grows many.
  • There isn't much.
  • You already have a lot.

few, little​

• a few + [C] PL
• a little + [U]
• few + [C] PL: 거의 없는, 부정문
• little + [U]: 거의 없는, 부정문
• A few people came: 몇 명의 사람들이 왔어.
• Few people came: 거의 안 왔어.
• I have a little time: 약간의 시간이 있어.
• I have little time: 시간이 거의 없어.
• 대명사로도 사용 가능

all, every​

• 모든 ~
• all + [C] PL / [U]
• every + [S]
• all + day, week, month: ~ 종일, ~ 내내
• every + day, week, month: ~ 마다, 매 ~
• everyone/everybody, everything, everhwer: 모든 ~ (사람, 사물, 장소)

Both, either, neither​

• both + [C] PL: 둘 다, 두 ~ 모두
• either + [S]: 둘 중 아무 것이나 하나, 두 ~ 중 아무 것이나 하나
• neither + [S]: 둘 다 아닌, 두 ~ 모두 아닌

all of, most of, some of, none of​

• all of: 전부
• most of: 대부분
• some of: 약간
• none of: 없음
• all/most/some/none of: 특정한 대상에 대해 한정적으로 말할 때
  • the/my/these + N
  • it/us/you/them
  • all of the people --- All people
  • most ot these cars --- Most ccars
  • some of the songs --- some songs
  • none of the books --- No books
• all/most/some/no + N: 일반적인 대상에 대해 말할 때
• both/either/neither of
  • the/my/these + [C] PL
  • us/you/them

지각동사​

• 2형식, 보어(형용사) 필요
• look + ADJ: ~해 보이다
• smell + ADJ: ~한 냄새가 나다
• sound + ADJ: ~하게 들리다
• taste + ADJ: ~한 맛이 나다
• feel + ADJ: ~하게 느끼다

부사​

• 형용사 앞에서 꾸민다.
• 동사 앞 뒤에서 꾸민다.
• ly 패턴이지만 형용사인 것
  • friendly
  • lovely
  • silly
  • ugly
  • lonely
• 형용사는 사람이나 사물이 어떠한지
• 부사는 행동이나 일이 어떻게 일어나는지

형용사면서 부사인 것​

• late: It's late / I got home late.
• long: You have long hair / It doesn't take long.
• hard: He is a hard worker / The baseball team is practicing hard.
• fast: Her car is fast / She talks fast.
• early: I had an early breakfast / Nicole arrived early for her interview.

빈도부사​

• always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never
  • rarely, never 는 부정문
• 일반 동사 앞, be동사 뒤, 조동사 뒤, have/has 와 p.p. 사이

too​

• too + ADJ/ADV
• too + ADJ + for + S.O.: ~ 에게 너무 ~ 한
• too + ADJ + to R: ~ 하기에는 너무 ~ 한
• too many + [C] PL: 너무 많은 ~
• too much + **[U]: 너무 많은 ~
• 대명사로도 사용 가능: I spent too much last month.

enough​

• ADJ/ADV + enough: 충분히 ~ 한/ ~하게
  • ADJ + enough + for + S.O: ~ 에게 충분히 ~ 한
  • ADJ + enought + to R: ~ 하기에 충분히 ~ 한
• enough + [C] PL / [U]: 충분한 ~
  • enough + N + for + S.O: ~ 에게 충분한 ~
  • enough + N + to R: ~ 하기에 충분한 ~
• 대명사로도 사용 가능: I have enough.

so​

• so many + [C] PL
• so much + [U]
• There were so many. / I've learned so much from him.

비교​

• 일반적으로 형용사/부사 뒤에 -er
• 비교급 + than ~: ~ 보다 더 ~한 / ~ 하게
• 긴 단어 (3음절 이상): more ADJ/ADV
• 불규칙
  • good / better
  • bad / worse
  • far / farther

최상급​

• 일반적으로 형용사/부사 뒤에 -est
• 2음절 이상 앞에는 most
• 명사 없이 최상급만 사용하는 것도 가능: I'm the youngest in my family, That's the cheapest in the store.

as - as​

• as + ADJ/ADV + as: ~ 만큼 ~ 한 / ~ 하게
• not as + ADJ/ADV + as: ~만큼 ~하지 않은 / ~ 하지 않게
  • 비교 위치 바꿔서 비교급 + Than 도 가능
• as ~ as possible: 가능한 한 ~ 하게

전치사​

장소 전치사​

at​

• 직장, 학교 등: at work, at home, at school, at church, at the doctor's (office), at somebogy's (house)
• 역, 공항: at the station, at the airport
• 행사, 공연, 경기: at a party, at a concert, at a baseball game

in​

• 하늘, 대양 등 자연환경: in the world, in the sky, in the ocean
• 책, 사진 등 인쇄물: in a book, in a picture, in a newspaper
• (어떤 장소에서) ~하는 중인: in bed, in the hospital,, in prison, in jail
• in the car, in the taxi

on​

• 거리: on 2nd Avenue, on Main Street
• 층: on the first floor, on the 3rd floor
• 교통수단: on the train, on the bus, on the plane

방향 전치사​

• form
• to
• up
• down
• into
• out of
• over
• under
• through
• across
• along
• around
• on
• off: ~에서 (떨어져)
• past: 지나서, 지나친 것은
• toward: ~쪽으로

시간 전치사​

at​

• 시각: at 10:30, at noon, at 3 o'clock
• 식사: at breakfast, at lunch, at dinner
• at night

on​

• 요일: on Wednesday, on Friday night
• 평일, 주말: on weekdays, on a weekday, on weekends, on the weekend
• 날짜, 기념일: on May 21, on my birthday, on our anniversary

in​

• 월, 계절: in January, in spring, in the summer
• 세기, 연도: In the 19th century, in 2018
• 오전, 오후, 저녁: in the morning, in the evening

during​

• 언제 일어났는지를 말할 때

for​

• 얼마나 오래 계속되었는지를 말할 때
• p.p. 와 많이 씀

in​

• in + 기간: ~ 후에
• in 10 minutes, in two hours

within​

• within + 기간: ~ 이내에
• within 15 minutes, within four days

since​

• ~ 부터 (계속)
• 특정 시점부터 어떤 행동이나 상황이 계속 될 때
• p.p 와 많이 씀

by​

• (늦어도) ~ 까지
• 늦어도 정해진 시점까지 어떤 행동이나 상황이 끝난다고 할 때

until​

• ~ 까지 계속
• 특정 시점까지 어떤 행동이나 상황이 계속된다고 할 때

-ing​

• 전치사 뒤 -ing
• without saying
• about working
• be good at singing
• by showing

형용사 전치사 패턴​

• about
  • excited about
  • sorry about
  • sure about
• at
  • angry at
  • mad at
  • good at
  • suprised at
• for
  • famous for: ~으로 유명한
• from
  • different from
• in
  • interested in
• of
  • afraid of
  • full of
  • proud of
  • short of: ~이 부족한
  • tired of: ~에 질린, sick and tired
• to
  • married to: ~와 결혼한
  • simillar to: ~와 비슷한
• with
  • busy with: ~로 바쁜
  • careful with: ~을 주의하는
  • familiar with: ~에 익숙한

동사 전치사 패턴​

• about
  • know about: ~에 대해 알고 있다
  • talk about
  • think about
  • worry about
• at
  • look at
  • shout at: ~에게 소리치다
  • work at
• for
  • apply for: ~에 지원하다
  • ask for: ~을 요청하다
  • look for: ~을 찾다, ~을 구하다
  • search for: ~을 찾다
  • wait for: ~을 기다리다
• on
  • deponed on
  • spend ... on: ~에 (돈, 시간) 을 쓰다
• to
  • belong to: ~의 것이다, ~에 속하다
  • happen to: ~에게 일어나다
  • listen to
  • talk to: ~에게 말하다
  • write to: ~에게 편지를 쓰다
• 🚫
  • answer: ~에 답하다
  • call: ~에 전화하다
  • discuss: ~에 대해 논의하다
  • reach: ~에 도착하다, ~에 닿다

구동사​

• on
  • get on: ~에 타다
  • hold on: 기다리다
  • try on: ~을 입어보다, ~을 써보다
  • turn on: ~을 켜다
• out
  • eat out: 외식하다
  • get out of: ~에서 내리다
  • go out: 밖으로 나가다, 외출하다
  • hand out: ~을 나눠주다
  • take out: ~을 꺼내다, ~을 빼다
• up
  • clean up: ~을 청소하다
  • get up: 일어나다
  • wake up: 깨어나다, ~을 깨우다
  • pick up: (전화기 등)을 들다, ~을 사다
• 대명사를 목적어로 쓰는 경우는 동사와 on/off/up 등의 사이에 쓴다.
  • take if off
  • clean them up
• 나머지 경우는 두 패턴으로 사용 가능
  • turn your phone off
  • turn off your phone

접속사​

• 문장에 명사를 덧붙힐 때: 전치사
• 동사를 덧붙힐 떄: to부정사
• 문장을 덧붙힐 때: 접속사
• because + 문장, because of + 명사
• while: ~하는 동안
• when, while 다음에 미래의 일을 말할 때에는 미래 시제가 아니라 현재 시제
  • What do you want to be when you grow up?
  • It'll be warm while we are on vacation.
• before, after 뒤에 명사 또는 -ing 가능
  • before midnight.
  • before signing it.
  • after dinner?
• since: ~ 이후로 지금까지, 이래로
• until: ~할 때까지 (계속)
  • until 다음에 미래의 일을 이야기할 때는 현재 시제 사용
  • Please don't leave your seat until the bus stops.
• since, until 뒤에 명사 가능
  • since thier wedding.
  • until next Thursday.

가정​

• if 현재, will/can + R: ~하면 ~할 것이다.
  • 일어날 가능성이 있는 경우
• if 과거, would/could + R: 만약 ~한다면 ~할 텐데
  • 가능성이 없는 경우
  • 이 경우 were 를 선호함
  • If I were, If she were, If Jerry were

관계대명사​

주격​

• 뒤에 동사가 나오면 주격
• who/which/that

목적격​

• I love the food. she made it
  • I love the food which she made.
  • I love the food she made.
• 뒤에 주어 동사가 나옴
• 생략 가능 (관계대명사를 주어로 쓰지 않는한)

there​

• There + be동사: ~이 있다
• There was/were: ~이 있었다.
• There have/has been: ~가 있던 적이 있다.

4형식 동사​

• give: ~에게 ~를 주다
• make: ~에게 ~를 만들어주다
• send: ~에게 ~를 보내다
• show: ~에게 ~을 보여주다
• buy: ~에게 ~을 사주다
• teach: ~에게 ~을 가르치다
• give/send/show/teach + 사물 + to + 사람
• make/buy + 사물 + for + 사람 (정석적인 느낌)

권유​

• Let's + R: (함께) ~ 하자
• Let's not + R: ~하지 말자

감탄​

• How + ADJ
• What (a/an) + ADJ + N

말 전달​

• said that + 과거
• told 사람 that + 과거

동의​

긍정​

• too: 긍정문
  • I do too.
  • I have too.
• So + V + S: ~도 역시 ~하다.
  • So was I.
  • So did we.
  • So can his brother.

부정​

• either
  • He wasn't either.
  • I haven't either.
• Neither + V + S: ~도 역시 ~하지 않다.
  • Neither do I.
  • Neither have I.