Vocabulary for AI 009

Vocabulary & Expressions

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
canonical	conforming to a general rule or acceptable procedure	standard	정통의, 표준의
assert	state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully	declare	단언하다, 주장하다
lurking	remaining hidden so as to wait in ambush	hidden	숨어있는, 잠복하는
bleak	(of an area of land) lacking vegetation and exposed to the elements	desolate	황량한, 적막한
albeit	although	though	비록 ~일지라도
stench	a strong and very unpleasant smell	foul smell	악취
woeful	characterized by, expressive of, or causing sorrow or misery	sorrowful	슬픈, 비참한
As for	with regard to; concerning	regarding	~에 관하여
ignorance	lack of knowledge or information	unawareness	무지, 무식
utterly	completely and without qualification; absolutely	completely	완전히, 전적으로
prudent	acting with or showing care and thought for the future	wise	신중한, 현명한
arithmetic	the branch of mathematics dealing with the properties and manipulation of numbers	math	산수, 계산
entailment	a relationship between sentences in which one sentence logically follows from one or more others	implication	함축, 수반
syntactic	relating to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	grammatical	구문의, 통사론의
stands for	represents or signifies	represents	~을 나타내다
mnemonic	a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something	memory aid	기억을 돕는 장치
parentheses	a pair of round brackets () used to mark off a parenthetical word or expression	brackets	괄호
negation	the contradiction or denial of something	denial	부정, 반대
antecedent	a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another	predecessor	선행사, 앞서는 것
precedence	the condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority in importance, order, or rank	priority	우선, 우선권
disjuncts	a word or phrase that is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence in which it occurs	separate part	분리된 부분
causation	the action of causing something	causing	인과, 원인 제공
decidedly	in a manner that is clear and definite	clearly	단호하게, 명확히
suffice	be enough or adequate	be sufficient	충분하다
tautology	a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form	redundancy	동어 반복, 자명한 진리
conversely	introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to	in contrast	반대로
contrapositively	in a way that involves the contrapositive of a statement	by contrapositive	대우적으로
refutation	the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false; disproof	disproving	반박, 논박
monotonicity	the property of a function to be either entirely non-increasing or non-decreasing	consistency	단조성
resolvent	a clause obtained by resolving two clauses containing complementary literals	derived clause	해석절
soundness	the quality of being based on valid reasoning or good judgment	validity	타당성
yield	produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product)	produce	산출하다, 양보하다
ontological	relating to the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being	existential	존재론의
commitment	the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc.	dedication	헌신, 약속
pedagogical	relating to teaching	educational	교육의, 교수법의
arity	the number of arguments or operands that a function or operation takes	number of arguments	(함수의) 인수 개수
surrogate mothers	women who carry and give birth to a child for another person or couple	gestational carriers	대리모
predicate	a symbol or function that represents a property or relation	property	술어, 속성, 명제함수
kinship	blood relationship	family relationship	친족 관계
theorem	a general proposition not self-evident but proved by a chain of reasoning; a truth established by means of accepted truths	proven statement	정리, 명제
existentially	relating to existence	relating to existence	존재에 관한
Universal	a type of quantification that states that a predicate holds for all members of a specified set	for all	전체에 대한 한정
existential	a type of quantification that states that a predicate holds for at least one member of a specified set	there exists	존재에 대한 한정
latent	existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or concealed	hidden	잠재적인, 숨어있는

Knowledge Base

• TELL, ASKS, TELL
  • TELLs the knowledge base what it preceives
  • ASKs the knowledge base what action it should perform
    • reasoning may be done about the current state of the world
    • about the outcomes of possible action sequences and so on
  • TELLs the knowledge base which action was chosen, and returns the action so that it can be executed
• MAKE-PERCEPT-SENTENCE
  • constructs a sentence asserting that the agent preceived the given percept at the given time.
• MAKE-ACTION-QUERY
  • constructs a sentence that asks what action should be done at the current time.
• MAKE-ACTION-SENTENCE
  • constructs a sentence asserting that the chosen action was executed.

Logical connectives

BNF (Backus–Naur Form) grammar of sentences Symbols from Logic and Set Theory

• $\neg$ : negation (NOT), $\neg W_{1,3}$
  • A literal is either an atomic sentence (a positive literal) or a negated atomic sentence (a negative literal).
• $\land$ : conjunction (AND), $W_{1,3} \land P_{3, 1}$
  • its parts are the conjuncts.
• $\lor$ : disjunction (OR), $(W_{1,3} \land P_{3,1}) \lor W_{2,2}$
  • its parts are the disjuncts.
• $\implies$ : implication (IMPLIES), $(W_{1,3} \land P_{3,1}) \implies \neg W_{2,2}$
  • its premise or antecedent, and its conclusion or consequent is the part that follows the $\implies$.
  • Implications are also called rules or if-then statements.
  • Sometimes written as $\rightarrow$ or $\supset$.
• $\iff$ : biconditional (IF AND ONLY IF), $W_{1,3} \iff \neg W_{2,2}$

Truth tables

$P$	$Q$	$\lnot P$	$P \land Q$	$P \lor Q$	$P \implies Q$	$P \iff Q$
false	false	true	false	false	true	true
false	true	true	false	true	true	false
true	false	false	false	true	false	false
true	true	false	true	true	true	true

• Logical equivalence: $P \equiv Q$:
• Validity: a sentence is valid if it is true in all models.
  • Deduction Theorem: For any sentences $\alpha$ and $\beta$, $\alpha \models \beta$ if and only if $(\alpha \implies \beta)$ is valid.
• Satisfiability: a sentence is satisfiable if it is true in, or satisfied by, some model.
• Modus Ponens: $\frac{\alpha \implies \beta, \alpha}{\therefore \beta}$
  • whenever any sentences of the form $\alpha \implies \beta$ and $\alpha$ are given, then the sentence $\beta$ can be inferred.
• And-Elimination: $\frac{\alpha \land \beta}{\therefore \alpha}$
  • from a conjunction, one of the conjuncts can be inferred.
• monotonicity: the set of entailed sentences can only increase as information is added to the knowledge base.
  • inference rules can be applied whenever suitable premises are found in the knowledge base, regardless of what other sentences are present.