Task1​

The pie chart above shows the primary reasons why people chose to work remotely in 2024. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The pie chart illustrates the main factors influencing people's decision to work remotely in 2024. The data reveals that work-life balance and reduced commuting time were the most cited reasons.

Work-life balance accounted for 30% of the responses, making it the leading factor. This was followed closely by the desire to avoid commuting, which represented 25%. Increased productivity was the third most common reason, at 20%, while health and safety concerns contributes to 15% of responses. Finally, flexible working hours were cited by 10% of participants.

The data shows a clear trend toward personal convenience and well-being. The top of three reasons-balance, commute, and productivity-collectively represent 75% of the motivations, indicating a preference for conditions that enhance individual efficiency and lifestyle. Health-related concerns, while significant during global health crises, appear less dominant in 2024, suggesting a shift in focus from safety to sustained comfort and autonomy.

In conclusion, the chart underscores the growing importance of quality of life and flexibility in shaping modern work preferences.

Task2​

Some people think it is more important to focus on the present, while others believe planning for the future is essential Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

There is an ongoing debate over whether people should prioritize living in the moment or concentrate on future planning. While present-focused individuals argue for making the most of today, others maintain that long-term thinking is vital for success. I believe both perspectives have merit and should be balanced.

Advocates of living in the present argue that focusing on the now enhances happiness and reduces anxiety. They contend that excessive worry about the future can lead to missed opportunities and mental stress. Mindfulness practices, which encourage awareness of the present moment, have been shown to improve emotional well-being and foster gratitude.

In contrast, those who support planning ahead believe that setting goals and preparing for possible challenges ensures greater stability. Financial planning, career development, and health maintenance all require foresight. Without long-term thinking, people may struggle tot achieve lasting success or face avoidable setbacks.

In my view, the most effective approach integrates both attitudes. While it is essential to enjoy and engage with daily life, planning for the future provides direction and security. For example, saving money for retirement does not prevent someone from enjoying today's experiences, but rather ensures peace of mind in the long run.

In conclusion, while it is beneficial to embrace the present, neglecting future planning can lead to adverse consequences. A balanced mindset that values both present enjoyment and future preparedness is key to a fulfilling life.

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase
Work-life balance	Maintaining a healthy separation between job and personal time	Equal time for work and rest
Sustained comfort	Long-lasting ease or convenience	Ongoing comfort
Mindfulness	Awareness of the present moment without judgment	Being focused on now
Foresight	The ability to predict or prepare for future needs	Planning ahead
Setbacks	Difficulties or delays that stop progress	Problems that slow you down
Peace of mind	A feeling of calm and security	Feeling relaxed and safe
Balanced mindset	A way of thinking that includes multiple perspectives	Thinking in a fair, smart way

Task1​

The bar chart above shows the installed renewable energy capacity (in gigawatts) by source in Country Z in 2023.

The bar chart compares the installed renewable energy capacity of five sources in Country Z in 2023. It is evident that hydro power leads significantly, whereas geothermal contributes the least.

Hydro energy accounts for the largest capacity at 80 GW. Wind follows with 60 GW, and solar stands at 45 Gw. Biomass has a modest capacity of 20 GW, while geothermal sits at 10 GW, the smallest share. Overall, hydro capacity is four times that of geothermal and double that of wind, indicating a heavy reliance on water-based power generation.

The disparity among success suggests strategic priorities and resource availability. Country Z's abundant river systems likely facilitate extensive hydro installations. Meanwhile, moderate wind and solar capacities reflect ongoing investments, and lower biomass and geothermal figures may be due to technological or geographical constraints. In summary, although Country Z is diversifying its renewable portfolio, the energy mix remains dominated by hydropower.

Task2​

Some people believe that governments should prioritize investing in public parks and green spaces to enhance urban living, while others argue that funds should be allocated to infrastructure such as roads and public transport. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Urban planners often debate the allocation of municipal funds between green spaces and infrastructure development. Advocates of public parks emphasize health and environmental benefits, whereas proponents of roads and transit prioritize economic growth and mobility. I maintain that a balanced approach best serves urban populations.

Supporters of green spaces argue that parks improve air quality, reduce urban heat islands, and provide recreational areas crucial for physical and mental well-being. Studies show access to green spaces correlates with lower stress levels and enhanced community cohesion. Additionally, urban greenery can support biodiversity and stormwater management.

Conversely, those favouring infrastructure investments contend that efficient roads and public transport systems drive economic activity, reduce congestion, and enhance accessibility. Well-maintained transport networks facilitate commerce and connect residential areas with employment hubs. In rapidly growing cities, inadequate infrastructure can stifle productivity and exacerbate social inequalities.

I believe integrating both objectives yields optimal outcomes. Cities should designate sufficient areas for parks while simultaneously upgrading transport corridors. For example, linear greenaways alongside bike lanes and bus rapid transit can merge recreational and mobility functions. Such hybrid developments exemplify how urban design can promote sustainability without sacrificing efficiency.

In conclusion, although public parks and infrastructure serve different needs, their benefits are complementary. Thoughtful urban planning that blends green and built environments will foster healthier, more dynamic

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase
Disparity	A noticeable difference	A clear gap
Hydropower	Power generated from moving water	Water-based energy
Geographical constraints	Limitations due to location or landscape	Location-based restrictions
Urban heat islands	Cities that are significantly warmer than surrounding areas	City areas that get hotter
Biodiversity	Variety of plant and animal life	Different types of life
Mobility	Ability to move or be moved freely	Ease of movement
Hybrid developments	Projects combining two different functions	Mixed-use projects

Task1​

The pie chart below shows the distribution of employment sectors among university graduates in Country X in 2024.

The pie chart illustrates the proportion of university graduates working in various employment sectors in Country X in 2024. Overall, the technology sector attracted the highest number of graduates, while the arts and media field employed the fewest.

Specifically, 28% of graduates were employed in the technology sector, making it the most popular field. Education and healthcare followed with 22% and 20%, respectively. The finance sector employed 18% of graduates, whereas the smallest proportion - 12% - pursued careers in arts and media.

These figures suggest a strong preference among graduates for fields offering stability and growth opportunities. Technology's dominance reflects global demand for digital skills, while healthcare and education remain essential services. The lower percentage in arts and media may be due to fewer job openings or perceived job insecurity.

In summary, most university graduates in Country X are entering high-demand, service-oriented fields, indicating current trends in both education and labour market preferences.

Task2​

Some people think that the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in workplaces is beneficial, while others believe it may have negative effects on employment and society. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked debates about its impact on employment and society. While some welcome AI for its efficiency and innovation, others express concern over job displacement and ethical implications. I believe that with careful management, AI can offer more advantages than drawbacks.

However, critics highlight the risks of widespread automation. Many fear that AI could replace workers in sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and transportation, leading to increased unemployment and inequality. Ethical concerns also arise, particularly around data privacy and decision-making transparency.

In my view, the solution lies in regulation and adaption. Governments should implement policies that retrain displaced workers and ensure AI technologies are used responsibly. Education systems must evolve to prepare future generations with skills that complement AI, such as critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence.

In conclusion, while AI presents legitimate challenges, its benefits can outweigh the risks if approached thoughtfully. Societies that invest in inclusive, forward-thinking policies will be best positioned to thrive in an AI-integrated future.

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase
Displacement	Being replaced or moved out of a role	Losing one’s job
Diagnostics	Identifying the nature of a medical problem	Finding out what illness someone has
Optimize	Make something work as well as possible	Make better
Ethical concerns	Worries about right and wrong	Moral worries
Decision-making transparency	How clear and open the process of making choices is	Easy to see how decisions are made
Forward-thinking	Planning for the future with new ideas	Thinking ahead in a smart way
Emotional intelligence	The ability to understand and manage emotions	Handling emotions well

Task1​

The line graph above shows the percentage of the global population with access to clean drinking water from 2010 to 2020.

The line graph illustrates the worldwide increase in access to clean drinking water between 2010 and 2020. Overall, there was a steady upward trend, with access rising from 82% to 95% over the decade.

In 2010, approximately 82% of the global population had access to clean water. This figure climbed gradually, reaching 85% in 2012 and 89% by 2014. From 2015 onwards, the increase was more moderate but consistent, with rates of 90% in 2015, 92% in 2017 and ultimately 95% in 2020. The most significant annual gain occurred between 2010 and 011, where access rose by 2 percentage points.

The data reflects successful international efforts, such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal to ensure water and sanitation for all. Despite progress, the graph indicates that 5% of the population still lacked access by 2020, underscoring ongoing challenges related to infrastructure and resource allocation.

Task2​

Some people believe that governments should invest heavily in space exploration, whereas others think those funds are better spent on solving problems on Earth. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

The debase over funding space exploration versus addressing terrestrial issues has persisted for decades. Advocates of outer space research argue it drives scientific breakthroughs, while critics assert that immediate needs on Earth warrant priority. I contend that a balanced allocation is crucial.

Proponents of space programmes emphasize technological innovation. Missions to the Moon and Mars foster advancements in robotics, materials science, and telecommunications, with downstream benefits such as improved medical imaging and environmental monitoring. Furthermore, space exploration inspires future generations in STEM fields and enhances global collaboration on ambitious projects.

Conversely, opponents argue that pressing problems-such as poverty, climate change, and healthcare-demand urgent resources. With millions lacking basic necessities, critics contend that government budgets should focus on public welfare rather than uncertain extraterrestrial ventures. They point out that excessive spending on space could exacerbate social inequalities and delay solutions to environmental crises.

In my view, governments should maintain robust support for both domains. A fixed percentage of the budget could be earmarked for space research, ensuring continued innovation, while the remainder addresses critical Earth-bound challenges. Collaborative initiatives, like using satellite technology for disaster relief, demonstrate the synergy between space and terrestrial goals.

In conclusion, space exploration and solving Earth's problems are not mutually exclusive. Through prudent budgeting and interdisciplinary projects, societies can advance scientific frontiers while safeguarding human welfare.

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase
Steady upward trend	A consistent increase over time	A continual rise
Infrastructure	Basic physical systems and facilities needed for society	Essential facilities
Terrestrial issues	Problems related to Earth	Earth-based problems
Extraterrestrial ventures	Projects or missions beyond Earth	Space missions
Downstream benefits	Positive effects that occur as a result of something else	Benefits that follow from it
Synergy	Interaction that produces a combined effect greater than parts	Working together for better results
Earmarked	Reserved for a specific purpose	Set aside
Interdisciplinary	Involving two or more academic disciplines or fields of study	Combining different areas of study

인증 무한 대기​

#1437 Login with Google - Doesn't support

• ~/.gemini/settings.json에 mcp 서버를 두면 gemini cli 실행 시 인증 무한 대기 현상이 있다.
• mcpServers 지워주면 정상 동작한다.

후기​

• 태스크를 분할하여 처리하는 건 좋은데 생각보다 gemini pro 질의가 많이 느리다.
• 2507 기준 아직은 Cursor Pro가 생산성이 더 좋은 느낌
• 무료여서 쓸만하다.

Task1​

The pie chart above shows the percentage distribution of energy sources in Country X in 2024.

The pie chart illustrates the proportions of different energy sources used in Country X in 2024. It is evident that fossil fuels still dominate the energy mix, although renewable and cleaner alternatives make up a substantial share.

Coal accounts for the largest portion of the energy supply at 34%, followed by natural gas at 25%. Combined, these two fossil fuels represent nearly 60% of total energy consumption. Nuclear power contributes 15%, offering a low-emission but non-renewable option. Hydropower and other renewable sources comprise the remainder, with 10% and 16% respectively.

The data highlights a gradual shift towards sustainable energy. Although coal remains the primary source, renewables slightly exceed nuclear energy in contribution. The presence of hydropower also reflects investment in low-impact infrastructure. However, the high reliance on coal and natural gas suggests the country may face challenges meeting long-term emission targets without significant policy changes.

Overall, while Country X has diversified its energy portfolio, fossil fuels continue to play a central role, indicating both progress and persistent dependence on conventional sources.

Task2​

Many people believe that economic growth should be the top priority for governments, while others argue that protecting the environment is more important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Economic development and environmental conservation are often seen as competing objectives. Advocates of economic growth argue that expanding industries generates jobs, increases GDP, and provides revenue for public services. Developing nations, in particular, rely on rapid industrialization to alleviate poverty and improve infrastructure. On the other hand, environmentalists warn that prioritizing growth can lead to pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, undermining long-term health and stability. I contend that governments should pursue sustainable development: integrating green technologies and regulations to ensure economic progress does not compromise environmental integrity.

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase
Fossil fuels	Natural fuels (coal, oil, or gas) formed from dead organisms over millions of years	Coal, oil, and gas
Notable share	A significant portion	A large part
Combined renewable segment	The total percentage of energy from solar, wind, hydro, etc.	All green energy added together
Early steps toward sustainability	Initial actions to protect the environment while developing	First actions to go green
Competing objectives	Goals that are in opposition	Goals that clash
Alleviate poverty	Reduce the level of poverty	Lessen poverty
Environmental integrity	The state of ecosystems being healthy and undamaged	Keeping nature healthy

Task1​

The bar chart above shows tertiary education enrollment rates (percentage of the population enrolled) in South Korea, the USA, Germany, and Australia in 2020.

The bar chart above shows tertiary education enrollment rates in four countries in 2020. It is clear that South Korea has the highest rate, while Germany records the lowest.

Specifically, South Korea leads with approximately 70% of its population enrolled in tertiary education. The USA follows at around 45%, and Australia registers a slightly lower rate of approximately 42%. In contrast, Germany's enrollment stands at about 30%, the lowest among the four nations. These figures demonstrate a significant gap of 40 percentage points between South Korea and Germany.

This disparity may be attributable to differing national policies and cultural emphasis on higher education. South Korea's government has invested heavily in university access and societal norms strongly favour academic achievement, which likely drives its high enrollment. Meanwhile, Germany's dual system of vocational training and apprenticeships provides an alternative pathway, reducing the proportion pursuing university degrees. The intermediate rates in the USA and Australia reflect balanced systems combine academic and vocational opportunities. In summary, while all four are developed countries, their tertiary enrollment rates vary widely due to policy and cultural factors.

Task2​

Some people argue that online education will eventually replace traditional classroom learning. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Advances in digital technology have fuelled debate over whether online education will supplant traditional classroom learning. While virtual platforms offer flexibility and access, many maintain that face-to-face instruction remains indispensable. In my view, neither mode can fully replace the other; instead, a blended approach is optimal.

Advocates of online education highlight its convenience. Students can access lectures and materials remotely, accommodating diverse schedules and geographical limitations. Moreover, interactive tools such as discussion forums and quizzes enable self-paced learning and instant feedback. This model reduces travel costs and allows institutions to reach a broader audience, particularly in underserved regions.

Conversely, proponents of conventional classrooms argue that in-person interaction fosters deeper engagement. Live discussions, hands-on activities and immediate teacher support enhance comprehension and motivation. Classroom environments also build social skills and peer collaboration, which are harder to replicate online. Additionally, maintaining discipline and focus can be more challenging when learners study independently.

However, insisting on a single approach overlooks their complementary strengths. A blended model combining online lectures with periodic in-person seminars can leverage digital convenience while preserving interactive benefits. For instance, foundational concepts might be taught online, freeing classroom time for discussion and practical application. Such integration not only caters to varied learning styles but also prepares students for a digitally connected world.

In conclusion, online education and traditional classrooms each offer unique advantages that the other lacks. Rather than viewing one as the inevitable successor, educational stakeholders should embrace a hybrid system to maximize learning outcomes.

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term / Expression	Definition / Paraphrase	Simpler Paraphrases
Supplant	To take the place of something else	replace
Fuelled debate	Caused or intensified discussion	started or increased discussion
Self-paced learning	Studying at one’s own speed	learning at your own speed
Peer collaboration	Working together with classmates	students working together
Insisting on	Demanding or maintaining a position	demanding
Complementary	Combining well to enhance each other’s strengths	working well together
Hybrid system	A mix of two different methods	a mixture of both

출국 전​

네이버페이머니 카드​

• 여기서 발급하면 된다.
• 이 카드가 25년 현재 기준 혜택이 제일 좋다. 해외 여행 10% 네이버페이 포인트 페이백과 수수료 페이백, 해외 결제 적립까지 다 갖췄기 때문이다.
• 발급 후 해외여행 여정을 입력한다.

E-Sim​

• 몇일 동안만 사용할 데이터용 E-Sim을 구매했다.
• 유심사에서 구매해도 되고, Airalo을 구매해도 된다.

도착 후​

E-Sim 활성화​

• 구매했던 E-Sim을 공항 도착 후 활성화한다.

호주 Prepaid Sim 활성화​

• Woolworths에 가서 Optus Prepaid Sim을 구매한다.
  • 플랜은 여러가지인데, $49가 적당해보였다.
  • 그 날 마다 울월스 할인 혜택이 있어서 더 저렴한 걸로 구매해도 좋을 것 같았다.
• Optus 는 Uplus, Telstra 는 SKT 느낌이다. (경험상 SKT가 기지국이 많아 커버리지가 좋았음)
• 옵터스 유심의 QR Code를 찍으면 유심 번호를 넣고 활성화할 수 있는데, 그 다음에 유심을 꼽고 스마트폰을 재부팅해주면 된다.
• 그 후 MyOptus 앱을 설치하고, 회원 가입하고 로그인한다.
• MyOptus > Services > 내 번호 > AutoRecharge 를 해제해준다. Prepaid 이기에 달마다 리차지를 관리하는게 좋다.

시리즈​

• 1. 호주 학생비자 주의사항
• 2. 호주 학생 보험 및 한국 보험, 연금 연기
• 3. 호주 결혼 준비

NOIM​

Notice of Intended Marriage, 결혼의향서

• Attorney-General's Department: NOIM
• 최소 예식 한 달 전에 작성해야만 한다.
• 작성 후 호주 내에서 의사, 경찰관 등에게 공증을 받아야한다.
• 한국인으로서 결혼하려면 직접 진행하기에 관계증명서류, 공증서류들이 많이 필요하기에 업체를 먼저 알아보았다.
  • 문서들은 NATTI, National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters 공증을 받아야하며 건별로 A$30부터 시작하는 듯 했다.
  • 영사관에서도 공증이 있지만 몇몇 서류는 안 되어 직접 방문해봐야할 것 같았다.

예식 예약​

• Simple Ceremonies
• 저렴한데 업체를 이용하면 아래 서류들을 다 처리해준다.
  • 결혼식 최소 한 달 전에 작성되어야 하는 결혼의향서(NOIM) 양식 접수
  • 결혼식 당일 예식을 진행하고 모든 법적 서류를 준비할 주례자
  • NSW 주 출생, 사망, 결혼 관리 당국(BDM)에 결혼을 등록하는 절차
• 사이트를 통해서만 NOIM 양식을 작성해야하고, Attorney-General's Department 에서 출력한 NOIM 양식은 사용할 수 없다.
• Blues Point Reserve A$350에 오페라하우스가 뒤로 보이는 다리 앞에서, 한국에서는 규격화된 웨딩문화를 벗어나려고하면 기하급수적으로 비용이 붙어 해볼 수 없던 스몰/야외 결혼식이 가능하다.

예식 날짜 결정시​

• 예식 날짜는 1달 전에 결정해야 한데 입국과 시험 일정이 어떻게 겹칠지 몰라 선뜻 결정하기 어려웠다.
• 이럴 때를 위해 Lodgement Voucher를 준비해뒀다고 한다.
  • 예비 배우자 비자(Subclass 300)를 신청하려는 경우
  • 결혼식 기간 단축(Shortening of Time)을 신청하려는 경우
  • 결혼식 날짜를 유동적으로 정하고 싶은 경우
  • 일정 변경에 따른 추가 비용을 피하고 싶은 경우
  • 지금 서류를 먼저 처리하고 결혼식 날짜는 나중에 정하고 싶은 경우
• 접수일로부터 최소 1개월 후, 최대 18개월 이내에 예식을 진행 할 수 있다.

예식 날짜 변경시​

• 날짜 변경은 원래 예약된 날짜로부터 최소 1달하고도 2일 전까지는 업체 고지가 필요하다.
• 일정 변경 수수료는 A$85
• 그 이후로는 전체 비용 새로 결제 필요

결혼 증인​

if a party signs the Notice in Australia: an authorized celebrant, a justice of the peace, a barrister or solicitor, a medical practitioner, or a member of the Australian Federal Police or the police force of a State or Territory.

• NOIM 에는 공인이 서명을 해줘야하는데 가까운 경찰서에 가서 증인을 해달라고 서명을 부탁하면 된다.
• The Rocks Police Station에서 흔쾌히 해주었다.

증명서 발급​

주시드니 대한민국 총영사관​

• 가족관계증명서 발급
• 혼인증명서

시리즈​

• 1. 호주 학생비자 주의사항
• 2. 호주 학생 보험 및 한국 보험, 연금 연기
• 3. 호주 결혼 준비

학생 보험​

• 각 보험사의 앱을 다운받아놓고, 입국 시에 번호 개통 후 회원 가입
• 앱으로 실비 청구 가능

한국 건강보험 및 국민연금​

건강보험 연기​

유학으로 인한 국외출국자가 급여정지 신고를 하면 그 기간 동안에는 보험급여가 정지되어 보험료가 면제되거나 보험료 산정할 때 보험료부과점수가 제외

• 출국 후 신청 가능
• 급여정지 및 해제

국민연금 연기​

국내에 소득원이 없는 사람이 유학으로 국외출국을 하는 경우 그 사유가 계속되는 기간 동안에는 연금보험료를 내지 않을 수 있음

• 소득 없을 때 신청 가능
• 소득없는 개인의 납부예외 신청

참조​

• 생활법령정보: 해외유학자