Eunkwang Shin

Issue​

• Mac storage setting didn't show the actual storage usage, and it was always showing "Other" taking up a lot of space.
• It also didn't check cache files, which took up at least 10GiB of space.

CLI​

• Mole
• mo clean

GUI​

• OmniDiskSweeper
• Click "Macintosh HD" and "Sweep Macintosh HD Drive..."
• You can manually select the files to delete including cache files.

Community​

• US: Hacker News
• KR: Geeknews
• BR: Tabnews
• JP: Qiita
• CN: 掘金

Launching service​

• US: Product Hunt

Ket​

$|\psi\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_0 \\ \psi_1 \end{pmatrix}$

$|0\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$

$|1\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$

$|\psi\rangle = \psi_0 |0\rangle + \psi_1 |1\rangle \\ \quad = \psi_0 \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \psi_1 \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$

Matrices​

• Matrices represent linear transformations (quantum gates). A general 2x2 matrix is: $A = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha_{00} & \alpha_{01} \\ \alpha_{10} & \alpha_{11} \end{pmatrix}$
• Identity matrix: $I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$
• Linearity: $A(|\psi\rangle + |\phi\rangle) = A|\psi\rangle + A|\phi\rangle$

Bra and Daggers​

Dagger​

• Conjugate Transpose: swap rows/columns and complex-conjugates every entry.
• Ket becomes Bra: $|\psi\rangle^\dagger = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_0 \\ \psi_1 \end{pmatrix}^\dagger = \begin{pmatrix} \overline{\psi_0} & \overline{\psi_1} \end{pmatrix} = \langle\psi|$
• For a matrix: $A^\dagger = \begin{pmatrix} \overline{\alpha_{00}} & \overline{\alpha_{10}} \\ \overline{\alpha_{01}} & \overline{\alpha_{11}} \end{pmatrix}$
• Key Identities:
  • $(\alpha A)^\dagger = \overline{\alpha} A^\dagger$
  • $(A^\dagger)^\dagger = A$
  • $(AB)^\dagger = B^\dagger A^\dagger$

Hermitian and Unitary Matrices​

• Hermitian: $H^\dagger = H$
  • Self-adjoint matrices, their eigenvalues are always real.
  • Observables in quantum mechanics are Hermitian.
• Unitary: $U^\dagger U = UU^\dagger = I$
  • The inverse of a unitary matrix is its conjugate transpose.
  • Unitary matrices preserve norms

Inner Product​

• The angle between two vectors $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$ is defined as bra-ket: $\langle\psi|\phi\rangle = (\overline{\psi_0} \overline{\psi_1}) \begin{pmatrix} \phi_0 \\ \phi_1 \end{pmatrix} = \overline{\psi_0}\phi_0 + \overline{\psi_1}\phi_1$
• Important properties:
  • Order Matters: $\langle\psi|\phi\rangle \neq \langle\phi|\psi\rangle$
  • But $\langle\psi|\phi\rangle = \overline{\langle\phi|\psi\rangle}$ (Complex Conjugate)
  • The modulus is symmetric: $|\langle\psi|\phi\rangle| = |\langle\phi|\psi\rangle|$
• The Magnitude of a vector is given by: $\| |\psi\rangle \|^2 = \langle\psi|\psi\rangle = |\psi_0|^2 + |\psi_1|^2$

Orthonormal of the Computational Basis​

• The basis states $|0\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ are orthonormal: $\langle 0|0\rangle = 1, \quad \langle 1|1\rangle = 1, \quad \langle 0|1\rangle = 0, \quad \langle 1|0\rangle = 0$
• This simplifies inner products enormously when working with the computational basis: $\langle\psi|\phi\rangle = (\overline{\psi_0}\langle0| + \overline{\psi_1}\langle1|) (\phi_0|0\rangle + \phi_1|1\rangle)$
• All corss terms vanish due to orthogonality, leaving: $= \overline{\psi_0}\phi_0 \langle0|0\rangle + \overline{\psi_0}\phi_1 \langle0|1\rangle + \overline{\psi_1}\phi_0 \langle1|0\rangle + \overline{\psi_1}\phi_1 \langle1|1\rangle$ $= \overline{\psi_0}\phi_0 + \overline{\psi_1}\phi_1$

Outer Products​

• The outer product of two vectors produces a matrix: $|\psi\rangle\langle\phi| = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_0 \\ \psi_1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \overline{\phi_0} & \overline{\phi_1} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \psi_0\overline{\phi_0} & \psi_0\overline{\phi_1} \\ \psi_1\overline{\phi_0} & \psi_1\overline{\phi_1} \end{pmatrix}$
• Basis outer products: $|0\rangle\langle1| = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad |1\rangle\langle0| = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$
• Any matrix can be expanded in terms of outer products of the computational basis: $A = \alpha_{00} |0\rangle\langle0| + \alpha_{01} |0\rangle\langle1| + \alpha_{10} |1\rangle\langle0| + \alpha_{11} |1\rangle\langle1|$

The Qubit​

A qubit is the fundamental unit of quantum information

$|\psi\rangle = \alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle$

• where $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{C}$ are complex numbers such that $|\alpha|^2 + |\beta|^2 = 1$ (normalization condition).
• Any normalized single-qubit state can be parameterized using two angles $\theta$ and $\phi$ (real numbers): $|\psi\rangle = \cos\theta|0\rangle + e^{i\phi}\sin\theta|1\rangle$
• Key difference from a bit: a bit is either 0 or 1, while a qubit can be in a superposition of both states simultaneously until measured.

Measurement​

• When you measure a qubit $|\psi\rangle = \alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle$ in the computational basis, you get:
  • $|0\rangle$ with probability $|\alpha|^2$
  • $|1\rangle$ with probability $|\beta|^2$

Outcome	Probability	Post-measurement State
0	$	\alpha
1	$	\beta

• The result of measuring a qubit is a single classical bit.
• For $|\psi\rangle = \cos\theta|0\rangle + e^{i\phi}\sin\theta|1\rangle$:
  • Probability of measuring $|0\rangle$: $\cos^2\theta$
  • Probability of measuring $|1\rangle$: $\sin^2\theta$
  • The phase $\phi$ does not affect measurement outcomes.

One-Qubit Gates​

Pauli Matrices​

Unitary matrics

$\mathbb{I} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, \quad X = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad Y = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad Z = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$

• $X$ is the quantum NOT gate:
  • $X|0\rangle = |1\rangle$
  • $X|1\rangle = |0\rangle$
• $Z$ filps the phase of $|1\rangle$:
  • $Z|0\rangle = |0\rangle$
  • $Z|1\rangle = -|1\rangle$
• All three $(X, Y, Z)$ are both Hermitian and unitary.

Hadamard Gate​

$H = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$

• $H$ creates superpositions:
  • $H|0\rangle = \frac{|0\rangle + |1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$
  • $H|1\rangle = \frac{|0\rangle - |1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$
• $H$ also "un-does" superpositions:
  • $H\left(\frac{|0\rangle + |1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = |0\rangle$
  • $H\left(\frac{|0\rangle - |1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = |1\rangle$

Rotation Gate​

$R(\theta) = \begin{pmatrix} \cos\theta & \sin\theta \\ -\sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{pmatrix}$

• $R(\theta)$ rotates the state vector by an angle $\theta$ in the $|0\rangle$-$|1\rangle$ plane.

The Bloch Sphere​

Every single-qubit state $|\psi\rangle = \cos\theta|0\rangle + e^{i\phi}\sin\theta|1\rangle$ maps to a point on the surface of a unit sphere

• $\theta$ is polar angle from north pole
• $\phi$ is azimuthal angle around equator
• $|0\rangle$ is at the north pole
• $|1\rangle$ is at the south pole
• $\frac{|0\rangle + |1\rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$ is on the equator at $\phi=0$

Exercises​

1. For any two-dimensional state vector $|\psi\rangle = \alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle$, it holds that $|\alpha|^2 + |\beta|^2 = 1$.
2. Measuring a qubit in the $\{|0\rangle, |1\rangle\}$ basis yields a probabilistic outcome when both $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are non-zero.
3. A global phase factor $e^{i\gamma}$ applied to a qubit state does not change the probabilities of measurement outcomes in the computational basis.
4. The Bloch sphere represents all pure single-qubit states as points on the surface of the sphere.
5. A real $2 \times 2$ matrix is a valid quantum gate only if it is unitary, not merely invertible.
6. The Pauli-X gate flips $|0\rangle$ to $|1\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ to $|0\rangle$.
7. When a qubit is measured in a given basis, the state collapses to the basis state corresponding to the measurement outcome.
8. Unitary matrices preserve the norm of any vector they act on.
9. If $|\psi\rangle = \cos(\theta)|0\rangle + e^{i\phi}\sin(\theta)|1\rangle$, then the probability of measuring $|0\rangle$ is $\cos^2(\theta)$.
10. The state $\frac{1}{2}|0\rangle + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}|1\rangle$ is properly normalized.
11. If $|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}|0\rangle + \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} e^{i\pi/4}|1\rangle$, then the probability of measuring $|0\rangle$ is $\frac{1}{3}$.
12. The states $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0\rangle + |1\rangle)$ and $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0\rangle - |1\rangle)$ are orthogonal.
13. The Pauli-X matrix $X = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}$ satisfies $X^2 = I$, where $I$ is the $2 \times 2$ identity matrix.
14. Applying the Pauli-Z gate $Z = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}$ to $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0\rangle + i|1\rangle)$ produces $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|0\rangle - i|1\rangle)$.

Market Structure​

	Perfect Competition	Monopolistic Competition	Oligopoly	Monopoly
Number of firms	Almost Infinite	Many	Few	One
Barriers to Entry	No barriers	No barriers / Low barriers	Some barriers	High barriers
Influence over Price	Price Taker	Limited	Some	Price Maker
Nature of Product	Homogeneous	Differentiated	Similar, Differentiated	No close substitutes
Examples	Common agricultural products	Fast-food restaurants	Auto Industry	Utilities

Porter's 5 Competitive Forces​

1. Threat of New Entrants: Profitable industries that yield high returns will attract new firms. New entrants eventually will decrease profitability for other firms in the industry.
2. Threat of Substitutes: A substitute product uses a different technology to try to solve the same economic need.
3. Bargaining Power of Customers: The market outputs. The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes.
4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The market inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm when there are few substitutes.
5. Competitive rivalry: For most industries the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry.

Threat of New Entrants​

Barriers to entry ⬆️, Profits ⬆️

• How difficult it is for new business to enter an industry and compete with already established ones.
• Many competitors lead to lower average profits
• Threat of New Entrants:
  • Barriers to entry
  • Economies of scale
  • Brand loyalty
  • Capital requirements
  • Cumultative experience
  • Government policies
  • Access to distribution channels
  • Switching costs

Threat of Substitute Products​

• A substitute product or service is an alternative that serves the same purpose for the customers, from a different industry.
• For example,
  • Taxi vs. Uber
  • Train vs. Plane
  • Tea vs. Coffee vs. Soft Drinks
• Threat of Substitutes Products:
  • Number of substitute products available
  • Buyer propensity ot substitute
  • Relative price performance of substitute
  • Perceived level of product differentiation
  • Switching costs

Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers​

• Bargaining power of customers:
  • Number of customers
  • Size of each customer order
  • Differences between competitors
  • Price sensitivity
  • Buyer's ability to substitute
  • Buyer's information availability
  • Switching costs
• Bargaining power of suppliers:
  • Number of suppliers
  • Size of suppliers
  • Uniqueness of each supplier's product
  • Focal company's ability to substitute

Rivalry among Existing Competitors​

• The extent of competition within an industry
• Price wars
• Rivalry among existing competitors:
  • Number of competitors
  • Diversity of competitors
  • Industry concentration
  • Industry growth
  • Quality differences
  • Brand loyalty
  • Barriers to exit
  • Switching costs
• For example,
  • Woolworths vs. Coles
  • Apple vs. Samsung

KANO Model​

• Expected (Basic or Must-be) Attribute: whose presence doesn't directly increase satisfaction, but their absence causes extreme dissatisfaction.
  • car: a functioning brake is a must be quality
  • hotel: providing a clean room is a basic necessity
• One-Dimensional (Performance) Attribute: can both satisfy and dissatisfy customers depending on their execution.
  • car: acceleration
  • hotel: waiting service at a hotel
• Attractive (Delight) Attribute: differentiate products and services, creating a "wow factor" and delighting customers when present, but causing no dissatisfaction when absent.
  • car: advanced parking sensor
  • hotel: providing free food
• Indifferent Attribute
  • car: the color of the car
  • hotel: highly polite speacking and very prompt responses not be necessary to satisfy customers
• Reverse Attribute
  • web: auto-playing videos/audio
  • venue: unnecessary security checks at the entrance of a venue

Possible movement of Attributes' place​

• As customer expectations change with the level or performance from competing products, attributes can move from delighter to performance need and then to basic need.

Profit Model​

• Ad-Supported: Provide content or services for free to one party while selling listneners, viewers, or "eyeballs" another party.
• Auction: Allow a merket-and its users-to set the price for goods and services.
• Bundled Pricing: Sell in a single transaction two or more items that could be sold as standalong offerings.
• Cost Leadership: Keep variable costs low and sell high volumes at low prices.
• Disaggregated Pricing: Allow customers to buy exactly-and only-what they want.
• Financing: Capture revenue not from the direct sale of a product but from structured payment plans and after-sale interest.
• Flexible Pricing: Vary prices for an offering based on demand.
• Float: Receive payment prior to building the offering; earn interest on that money prior to delivering the goods.
• Forced Scarcity: Limit the supply of offerings available, by quantity, time frame, or access, to drive up demand and/or prices.
• Freemium: Offer basic services for free while charging a premium for advanced or special features.
• Installed Base: Offer a "core" product for slime margins (or even a loss) to drive demand and loyalty; then realize profit on additional products and services.
• Licensing: Grant permission to a group or individual to use your offering in a defined way for a specified payment.
• Membership: Charge a time-based payment to allow access to locations, offerings, or services that non-members don't have.
• Metered Use: Allow customeres to pay only for what they use.
• Microtransactions: Sell many items for as little as a dollar-or even only one cent- to drive impulse purchases.
• Premium: Price at a higher margin than competitors, usually for a superior product, offering, experience, service, or brand.
• Risk Sharing: Waive standrad fees or costs if certain metrics aren't achieved, but receive outsize gains when they are.
• Scaled Transactions: Maximize margins by pursuing high-volume, large-scale transactions when unit costs are relatively fixed.
• Subscriptiuon: Create predictable cash flows by charging customers upfront (a one time or recurring fee) to have access to the product or service orver time.
• Switchboard: Connect multiple sellers with multiple buyers. The more buyers and sellers who join, the more valuable the switchboard becomes.
• User-Defined: Invite customers to set the prcie they wish to pay.

Network​

• Alliances: Share risks and revenues to jointly improve individual competitive advantage.
• Collaboration: Partner with others for mutual benefit.
• Complementary partnering: Leverage assets by sharing them with companies that serve similar markets but offer different products and services.
• Consolidation: Acquire multiple companies in the same market or complementary markets.
• Coopetition: Join forces with someone who would normally be your competitior to achieve a common goal.
• Franchising: License business principles, processes, and brand to paying partners.
• Merger/Acquisition: Combine two or more entities to gain accesss to capabilities and assets.
• Open Innovation: Obtain access to processes or patents from other companies to leverage, extend, and build on expertise, and/or do the same with internal IP and processes.
• Secondary Markets: Connect waste streams, by-products, or other alternative offerings with those who want them.
• Supply Chain Integration: Coordinate and integrate information and/or processes across a company or different parts of the value chain.

Structure​

• Asset Standardization: Reduce operating costs and increase connectivity and modularity by standardizing your assets.
• Competency Center: Cluster resources, practices, and expertise into centers that support functions across the organization to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
• Corporate University: Provide job-specific or company-specific training for managers.
• Decentralized Management: Devolve decision-making governance closer to the people or business interfaces.
• Incentive Systems: Offer rewards (financial or non-financial) to provide motivatino for a particular course of action.
• IT Integration: Integrate technology resources and applications.
• Knowledge Management: Share releavant information internally to reduce redundancy and improve job performance.
• Organizational Design: Make from follow function and align infrastructure with core qualities and business processes.
• Outsourcing: Assign to a vendor responsibility for developing or maintaining a ssystem.

Process​

• Crowdsourcing: Outsource repetitive or challenging work to a large group of semi-organized individuals.
• Flexible Manufacturing: Use a production system that can rapidly react to changes and still operate efficiently.
• Flexible Manufacturing: Use a production system that can rapidly react to changes and still operate efficiently.
• Intellectual Property: Use a proprietary process to commercialize ideas in ways that others cannot copy.
• Lean Production: Reduce waste and cost in your manufacturing process and other operations.
• Localization: Adapt an offering, process, or experience to target a specific culture or region.
• Logistics Systems: Manage the flow of goods, information, and other resources between the point of origin and the point of use.
• On-Demand Production: Produce items after an order has been received to avoid carrying costs of inventory.
• Predictive Analytics: Model past performance data and predict future outcomes to design and price offerings accordingly.
• Process Automation: Apply tools and infrastructure to manage routine activities in order to free up employees for other tasks.
• Process Efficiency: Create or produce more while using less in terms of materials, energy consumption, or time.
• Process Standardization: Use common products, procedures, and policies to reduce complexity, costs, and errors.
• Strategic Design: Employ a purposeful approach that manifests itself consistently across offerings, brands, and experiences.
• User-Generated: Put your users to work in creating and curating the content that powers your offerings.

Product Performance​

• Added Functionality: Add new capabilities to an existing offering.
• Conservation: Design your product so that end users can reduce their use of energy or materials.
• Customization: Enable altering to suit individual requirements or specifications.
• Ease of Use: Make your product simple, intuitive, and comfortable to use.
• Engaging Functionality: Provide an unexpected or newsworthy feature that elevates the customer interaction from the ordinary.
• Environmental Sensitivity: Create offerings that do no harm—or relatively less harm—to the environment.
• Feature Aggregation: Combine a number of existing features from disparate sources into a single offering.
• Focus: Design a product or service for a particular audience.
• Performance Simplification: Omit superfluous details, features, and interactions to reduce complexity.
• Safety: Increase the customer’s level of confidence and security.
• Styling: Impart a noteworthy style, fashion, or image to create a product that customers covet.
• Superior Product: Develop an offering of exceptional design, quality, and/or experience.

Product System​

• Complements: Sell additional related or peripheral products or services to a customer.
• Extensions/Plug-ins: Allow additions from internal or third-party resources that add functionality.
• Integrated Offering: Combine otherwise discrete components into a complete experience.
• Modular Systems: Provide a set of individual components that can be used independently, but gain utility when combined.
• Product Bundling: Put together several products for sale as one combined offering.
• Product/Service Platforms: Develop systems that connect with other partner products and services to create a holistic offering.

Service​

• Added Value: Include an additional service or function as part of the base price.
• Concierge: Provide premium service by taking on tasks for which customers don’t have time.
• Guarantee: Remove customer risk of lost money or time from product failure or purchase error.
• Lease or Loan: Let customers pay over time to lower their upfront costs.
• Loyalty Programs: Provide benefits and/or discounts to frequent and high-value customers.
• Personalized Service: Use the customer’s own information to provide perfectly calibrated service.
• Self-Service: Provide users with control over activities that would otherwise require an intermediary to complete.
• Superior Service: Provide service(s) of higher quality, efficacy, or which offer(s) a better experience than any competitor.
• Supplementary Service: Offer ancillary services that fit with your offering.
• Total Experience Management: Provide thoughtful, holistic management of the consumer experience across an offering’s lifecycle.
• Try Before You Buy: Let customers test and experience an offering before investing in it.
• User Communities/Support Systems: Provide a communal resource for product and service support, use, and extension.

Channel​

• Context-Specific: Offer timely access to offerings that are appropriate for a specific location, occasion, or situation.
• Cross-Selling: Offer appealing additional products, services, or information that will enhance an experience in situations where customers are likely to want to buy them.
• Diversification: Add and expand into new or different channels.
• Experience Center: Create space that encourages your customers to interact with your offerings—but purchase them through a different (and often lower cost) channel.
• Flagship Store: Create a retail outlet to showcase quintessential brand and product attributes.
• Go Direct: Skip traditional retail channels and connect directly with customers.
• Indirect Distribution: Use others as resellers who take responsibility for delivering an offering to the final user.
• Multi-Level Marketing: Sell bulk or packaged goods to an affiliated but independent sales force that turns around and sells it for you.
• Non-Traditional Channels: Employ novel and relevant avenues to reach and service customers.
• On-Demand: Deliver goods in real-time whenever or wherever they are desired.
• Pop-Up Presence: Create a noteworthy but temporary environment to showcase and/or sell offerings.

Brand​

• Brand Extension: Offer a new product or service under the umbrella of an existing brand.
• Brand Leverage: Allow others to use your brand name to lend them your credibility and extend your company’s reach.
• Certification: Develop a brand or mark that signifies and ensures certain desirable characteristics in third-party offerings.
• Co-Branding: Combine brands to mutually reinforce key attributes or enhance the credibility of an offering.
• Component Branding: Brand a discrete piece of the offering to make the whole appear more valuable.
• Private Label: Provide goods made by others packaged under your company’s brand.
• Transparency: Let customers see into your operations and participate with your brand and offerings.
• Values Alignment: Make your brand stand for a big idea or a set of values and express them consistently in all aspects of your company.

Customer Engagement​

• Autonomy and Authority: Grant users the power to shape their own experience.
• Community and Belonging: Facilitate visceral connections to make people feel they are part of a group or movement.
• Curation: Create a distinct point of view to build a strong identity for yourself and give your followers exactly what they want.
• Experience Automation: Remove the burden of repetitive tasks from users to simplify their lives and make new experiences seem magical.
• Experience Enabling: Extend the realm of what’s possible to offer a previously improbable experience.
• Experience Simplification: Reduce complexity and focus on delivering specific experiences exceptionally well.
• Mastery: Help customers to obtain great skill or deep knowledge of some activity or subject.
• Personalization: Alter a standard offering to allow the projection of the customer’s identity.
• Status and Recognition: Offer cues that confer meaning, allowing users—and those who interact with them—to develop and nurture aspects of their identity.
• Whimsy and Personality: Humanize your offering with small flourishes of on-brand, on-message ways of seeming alive.

Reference​

• Keeley, L., Walters, H., Pikkel, R., & Quinn, B. (2013). Ten Types of Innovation: The Discipline of Building Breakthroughs. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.

Agentic SDLC​

• Agentic Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an approach that integrates autonomous agents into the software development process.
• This method decreases human intervention by allowing AI agents to handle various stages of development, from requirements gathering to deployment and maintainance.
• It reduces the cycle time for SW development. Traditional SDLC takes weeks-to-months, while Agentic SDLC can potentially reduce this to days or even hours.

Cycles​

Key differences​

Aspect	Traditional SDLC	Agentic SDLC
Cycle Time	Weeks to Months	Days to Hours
Flow	Linear, Sequential	Fluid, Iterative
Human Involvement	Human codes everything	Human guides, agent executes
Documentation	Docs as afterthought	Auto-generated inline docs
Testing	Manual testing	Automated agent testing
Incident Response	Manual Incident handling	Agent-assisted remediation

Ref​

• 2026 Agentic Coding Trends Report

비교​

옵션	지원 OS	기업 내 사용(유/무료)	라이선스/유형	런타임/구조	K8S
Docker Desktop	macOS/Windows/Linux	조건부, 그 외 유료	상용	Desktop 앱 + 백엔드/가상화(Windows는 WSL2 등)	O
Podman Desktop	macOS/Windows/Linux	무료(상업적 사용 포함)	OSS (Apache-2.0)	Podman + (mac/win) VM(podman machine)	O
Colima	macOS/Linux	무료(상업적 사용 포함)	OSS (MIT)	Lima 기반 VM + docker/containerd 선택	O
OrbStack	macOS 전용	개인만 무료, 기업/상업은 유료	상용	경량 VM 기반(통합/성능 강조)	O

• Docker Desktop
  • 기업 내 유/무료 판단 기준(공식)
    • 무료: 개인용, 교육용, 비상업 오픈소스, 소규모 사업자(직원 250명 미만 AND 연매출 1,000만 달러 미만).
    • 유료 구독 필요: 위 조건을 넘는 조직의 업무/상업적 사용, 정부기관 사용은 유료 필요.
  • 강점
    • 크로스플랫폼 표준화
  • 리스크
    • 조직 규모/매출에 따라 라이선스 비용 리스크가 명확.
• Podman Desktop
  • 기업 내 유/무료
    • Apache-2.0 오픈소스라 상업적 사용 포함 무료.
  • 특징
    • Podman(daemonless/rootless 지향) 기반.
  • 트레이드오프
    • macOS/Windows에서는 보통 podman machine(VM)을 사용하게 되어 네트워킹/볼륨/호환성 체감이 환경별로 달라질 수 있음.
• Colima
  • 기업 내 유/무료
    • MIT 라이선스(오픈소스)로 상업적 사용 포함 무료.
  • 특징
    • macOS/Linux에서 가볍게 컨테이너 런타임을 돌리는 CLI 중심(기본은 Lima VM).
  • K8s
    • 옵션으로 활성화 가능(프로젝트 기능으로 제공).
• OrbStack
  • 기업 내 유/무료(공식)
    • Free = 개인/비상업만.
    • Pro(유료) = 비즈니스/상업적 사용(가격 페이지에 $8/user/month, 연간 청구로 표기).
    • 설치 시 30일 Pro 트라이얼(상업적 사용 가능) 후 Free로 내려감.
  • 강점
    • macOS에서 성능/통합 강점, 간단한 UI
  • 리스크
    • macOS 전용 + 상용/폐쇄형 + 업무용은 유료.

결론​

• 맥유저 개인이면 OrbStack이 성능/통합 측면에서 매력적. (메모리 적게 먹음, UI 지원)
• 기업/조직에선 Podman Desktop
• CLI 선호, 가벼운 도커 환경 원하면 Colima

전화​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Pickup the phone	To answer a phone call	answer the phone	전화를 받다
Get on the phone	To start talking on the phone	start talking on the phone	전화 통화를 시작하다, 전화하다, 전화 받다
call back	To call again	return a call	다시 전화하다
call ~ back	To return a phone call to ~	return a call to ~	~에게 다시 전화하다
hang up	To end a phone call	end the call	전화를 끊다
dawned on me	When I suddenly realized something	suddenly realized	갑자기 깨닫다
Put A through (to B)	To transfer A's call to B's phone	transfer the call to B	A를 B에게 전화 연결해주다
Break up	To be inaudible at times (due to the week cell phone signal)	inaudible at times	(신호가 약해서) 전화가 끊기다, 잘 안들리다
Give ~ a ring / call	To call ~	call ~	~에게 전화하다, ~에게 전화해주다
be on the phone	To be talking on the phone	talking on the phone	전화 통화 중이다
wedding reception	A party held after a wedding ceremony to celebrate the marriage	post-wedding party	피로연

쇼핑​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Mark down (the price)	To lower/ruduce the price	lower the price	물건 값을 깎다 / 값을 내리다
Bring down (the price)	To lower/reduce the price	lower the price	물건 값을 깎다 / 값을 내리다
Put up (the price)	To increase/raise the price	raise the price	값을 올리다
Jack up (the price)	To increase/raise the price sharply	raise the price sharply	값을 급격히 올리다
Try on ~ / Try ~ on	To put on ~ to see if it suits the person	put on ~ to see if it suits	~을 입어보다
Look for ~	To try to find ~	try to find ~	~을 찾다
Go (well) with ~	To look better with ~ / To be better with ~	look better with ~	~와 잘 어울리다
Pick out ~ / Pick ~ out	To choose something/someone	choose something/someone	~을 선택하다/뽑아내다
Queue up	To stand in line	stand in line	줄 서다
Try out ~ / Try ~ out	To test something if it's suitable (or if it works)	test something	잘 되는지 테스트해보다
Ring up ~ / Ring ~ up	To help a shopper to make the payment for the items they are buying by recording the amount on the cash register	record the amount on the cash register	(상점에서) 상품 가격을 입력해 고객이 물건 값을 내도록 돕다 / 계산해주다
frizzy	(of hair) very curly and difficult to manage	very curly	곱슬곱슬한
might as well + V	used to suggest doing something because there is no better alternative	suggest doing something	~하는 편이 낫다
Tell me about it!	used to express strong agreement with what someone has just said	express strong agreement	(동의하며) 그러게 말이야!
You can't beat the price	used to say that something is very cheap or a good value	say something is cheap or good value	가격이 좋다
clearance section	an area in a store where items are sold at reduced prices	discount area	할인 판매 구역
pick someone/something out of a hat	to choose someone or something from a group very easily	choose easily from a group	(많은 것들 중에서) 무작위로 뽑다
Chardonnay	a type of white wine	white wine	샤르도네 (화이트 와인의 한 종류)
hair loss shampoo	a shampoo that helps prevent hair loss	anti-hair loss shampoo	탈모 방지 샴푸
cahs register	a machine used in stores to record sales and handle money	sales machine	계산대, 금전 등록기

여행​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Pick up ~ / Pick ~ up	To go to a place in order to bring the person	go to a place to bring someone	~를 데리러 가다
Get in	To arrive	arrive	도착하다
Drop off ~ / Drop ~ off	To give ~ a ride to a place	give ~ a ride to a place	~를 차로 어떤 장소에 내려주다
See off ~ / See ~ off	To go to a place (such as an airpot) and say goodbye to ~	go to a place and say goodbye to ~	~를 배웅하다
Take off	To leave the ground and start to fly	leave the ground and start flying	(비행기가) 이륙하다
Set off	To begin traveling / To start a journey	begin traveling	(여정을) 출발하다
Get away	To have a vacation	have a vacation	휴가를 가다
Get off ~	To leave a bus/train/plane	leave a bus/train/plane	버스/기차/비행기에서 내리다
Check in	To register (at a hotol or an airport)	register at a hotel/airport	(호텔이나 공항에서) 체크인하다, 탑승 수속하다
Check out	To pay the hotel bill and leave	pay the hotel bill and leave	(호텔에서) 체크아웃하다, 호텔비를 지불하고 나가다
Stop over (in ~)	To have a short stop / To stay somewhere for a short time while traveling	have a short stop	(여행/이동 중에) ~에 잠시 들르다, 어딘가에 들르다
layover	A short stay somewhere between two parts of a journey	short stay during a journey	(여행 중의) 경유지, 잠시 머무름 (24시간 이내)

음식​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Eat in	To eat at home	eat at home	집에서 먹다
Eat out	To eat in a restaurant	eat at a restaurant	외식하다
Cut back (on ~)	To reduce the consumption of ~	reduce consumption of ~	~의 섭취(소비)를 줄이다
Whip up ~ / Whip ~ up	To prepare (food) quickly	prepare food quickly	(음식을) 빨리 준비하다
Chop up ~	To chop or cut something into small pieces	cut into small pieces	(음식 재료를) 잘게 썰다 / 다지다
Go bad	Te become spoiled (used with food)	become spoiled	(음식이) 상하다
Throw out ~ / Throw ~ out	To dispose of ~ in the trash	dispose of ~ in the trash	~를 쓰레기통에 버리다
Be out of ~	To have nothing of a particular item ~	have nothing of a particular item	~가 다 떨어지다
baby formula	A manufactured food for babies	infant food	분유
in stock	available for sale	available for sale	재고가 있는
Pick up (an item such as food)	To buy (an item such as food)	buy an item	(음식 등을) 사다
Stop by ~	To make a short visit to ~ (often on the way to somewhere else)	make a short visit to ~	(보통 다른 곳에 가는 길에) 잠시 들르다
errands	short trips to do necessary tasks (such as shopping)	short trips for tasks	심부름, 볼일
Cut out ~	To completely stop one's consumption of ~	completely stop consumption of ~	~를 완전히 끊다
get something to go	to order food or drinks to take away from a restaurant	order food to take away	음식을 포장해 가다

날씨​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Start out	To begin (in a particular way)	begin in a particular way	(특정한 방식으로) 시작하다
Clear up	(For the skies) To be clear of bad weather such as rain, snow, or smoke	become clear of bad weather	(하늘이) 맑다
Come out	To appear (with the weather, often used witwh clestial bodies like the sun and stars)	appear (with weather)	(날씨와 관련되어서 해나 별이) 나오다
Warm up	To become warm or hot	become warm	따뜻해지다, 더워지다
Cool down	To become cool or cold	become cool	시원해지다, 차가워지다
Be rained in/Be snowed in	To be forced to to stay indoors because of heavy rain or snow	forced to stay indoors due to weather	(폭우나 폭설 때문에) 실내에 머물러야 하다
Bundle up/Bundle ~ up	To dress warmly / To wear enough clothes to keep oneself warm	dress warmly	옷을 따뜻하게 껴입다/~를 껴입히다
Pick up (wind and/or rain)	To increase in speed and force	increase in speed and force	(바람이나 비가) 세지다
Blow over	For a storm (or stormy emotions) to pass	pass (for a storm)	(폭풍우나 감정이) 지나가다/사그라들다
Calm down	TO become calm (for weather)	become calm	(날씨가) 진정되다/가라앉다
get in the way of ~	to hinder ~ / to slow ~ down	hinder ~ / slow ~ down	~을 방해하거나 진행을 늦추다

업무​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Speed up	To increase the speed of ~	increase the speed of ~	~를 더 빨리 진행하다
metabolism	The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life	chemical processes in the body	신진대사
Wrap up ~ / Wrap ~ up	To finish ~	finish ~	~를 마무리하다
Take over ~ / Take ~ over	To begin to do something that someone else has been doing	begin doing something someone else did	(타인이 하던 일을) 인수인계 받다
Take on ~ / Take ~ on	To undertake (a task)	undertake a task	(일 등을) 떠맡다, 책임지다
Come up with ~	To suggest or think of an idea or plan	suggest or think of an idea	(아이디어, 계획 등을) 제시하다, 생각해내다
Put together ~	To create ~ by assembiling different people/parts	create by assembling parts	(사람들을, 이것저것을) 모아서 ~를 만들다, 준비하다
assemble	To gather together in one place for a common purpose	gather together	모이다, 모으다
Reach out (to ~)	To contact ~ by phone or email	contact ~	전화나 메일로 ~에게 연락하다 / (일이나 업무로) ~를 접촉하다
Follow up (on ~)	To pursue ~ further	pursue further	(~에 관한) 후속 조치를 하다
Take care of ~	To do ~ / To do deal with ~	do ~ / deal with ~	어떤 일을 하다/처리하다
Turn in ~ / Turn ~ in	To submit ~	submit ~	~를 제출하다
Pick up ~ / Pick ~ up	To continue ~ after taking a break	continue ~ after a break	잠시 쉬었다 ~을 다시 계속하다
call it a day	To stop working for the day	stop working for the day	하루 일을 마치다
genderlect	a variety of language used by a particular gender	language used by a gender	젠더렉트 (특정 성별이 사용하는 언어 양식)
get in touch (with ~)	to contact ~	contact ~	~와 연락하다
take someone through something	to explain something to someone in detail	explain something in detail	~에게 ~를 자세히 설명하다
Lay off ~ / Lay ~ off	To stop employing ~ / To dismiss (workers)	stop employing ~ / dismiss workers	~를 정리해고하다
Call off ~	To cancel ~	cancel ~	~를 취소하다, 철회하다
Put off ~	To postpone ~ / To delay	postpone ~	~를 연기하다, 미루다
Take off	To (suddenly) become successful or popular	become successful or popular	(사업이나 상품이) 급격히 성공하다, 인기를 끌다
Close down (~)	To stop business (usually permanently)	stop business	(보통 아예) 사업을 접다 / 폐점하다
Turn down ~ / Turn ~ down	To reject ~	reject ~	~를 거절하다 / 거부하다
Open up ~	To start doing business	start doing business	(사업, 영업을) 시작하다 / 문을 열다
Carry out ~ / Carry ~ out	To accomplish ~ / To do ~	accomplish ~ / do ~	(어떤 일을) 수행하다, 해내다
Keep up ~ / Keep ~ up	To continue to do ~	continue to do ~	계속 ~하다
Carry on ~	To continue doing ~	continue doing ~	계속해서 ~하다
Move on (to ~)	To start doing something new	start doing something new	(다음 주제나 일로) 넘어가다 / 새로운 걸 시작하다
Keep up with ~	To make progress at the same speed as others	make progress at the same speed as others	~에 뒤처지지 않게 따라가다

학업​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Run through ~	To read ~ quickly	read quickly	(책 등을) 대충 빨리 보다
Look over ~ / Look ~ over	To review ~	review ~	~를 살펴보다/훑어보다
Make up ~ / Make ~ up	To complete a test or an assignment that you couldn't complete on time	complete a test or assignment late	(제시간에 못한 시험, 숙제를) 보충하다 / (실수를) 만회하다
Hand in ~	To submit ~	submit ~	~를 제출하다
resignation letter	A letter written to formally announce one's resignation from a job	letter announcing resignation	사직서
Read over ~ / Read ~ over	To read ~ thoroughly	read thoroughly	(책이나 문서를) 처음부터 끝까지 다 읽다 / (문장을) 다시 읽다
Hand out ~ / Hand ~ out	To distribute ~	distribute ~	~를 나눠주다 / 배포하다
Take in ~ / Take ~ in	To understand what they read	understand what they read	(듣거나 읽은 것을) 이해하다
Go over ~	To check ~	To check something carefully	~를 검토하다
Know ~ backwards and forwards	To understand ~ very well	understand very well	~를 아주 잘 이해하다
Keep up with ~	To make progress at the same speed as antoher person or other people	make progress at the same speed as another person	~에 뒤지지 않다
Fall behind	To fail to keep up with others in the same class/course/school	fail to keep up with others	(반에서) 뒤처지다
Catch up with ~	To do something fast enough in order to join someone who started first	do something fast enough to join someone	~를 따라잡다
Sign up for ~	To register for ~	register for ~	~ 과목을 듣기 위해 수강신청하다
Do over ~ / Do ~ over	To redo ~	redo ~	~를 다시 하다
Study up on ~	To do some research on ~	do research on ~	~에 대해 조사하다 / 공부하다
Turn up	To appear / To come to class	appear / come to class	나타나다 / 출석하다
Show up	To appear / To come to class	appear / come to class	나타나다 / 출석하다
Drop out of ~	To leave school or college without graduating	leave school without graduating	(학교, 대학을) 중퇴하다
Go through ~	To examine or search ~ carefully	examine or search carefully	~를 자세히 조사하다
Read up on ~	To do research on ~	do research on ~	~에 관해 조사하다 / 공부하다
Study under ~	To be taught by ~	be taught by ~	~ 아래에서 공부하다 / 연구하다
warm-up	An activity or exercise that prepares a person for more intense physical activity	preparatory activity	준비 운동, 워밍업

감정​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Tear up	To start crying	start crying	눈물이 고이다, 울기 시작하다
Choke up	To feel a very strong emotion to the point that one is unable to speak	feel a strong emotion that makes it hard to speak	(감정이 복받쳐) 목이 메다
Wear down ~ / Wear ~ down	To make ~ feel tired	make ~ feel tired	~를 지치게 하다, 피곤하게 하다
Calm down / Calm ~ down	To become calm (for emotional situations)	become calm	(감정이) 진정되다 / ~를 진정시키다
Blow up at ~	To lose one's temper and explode	lose one's temper and explode	~에게 화가 나서 폭발하다
out of nowhere	Suddenly and unexpectedly	suddenly and unexpectedly	갑자기, 느닷없이
Vent out ~	To let one's negative feelings out	let negative feelings out	(분노, 스트레스, 좌절감 같은 부정적인 감정을) 배출하다, 터뜨리다
Bottle up ~ / Bottle ~ up	To keep a feeling or emotion inside and not express it	keep a feeling inside and not express it	감정을 속으로 삭이다
Cool off	To calm down / To become less angry	calm down / become less angry	진정해지다, 차분해지다
Stir up ~ / Stir ~ up	To make someone feel an emotion	To make someone feel an emotion	(어떤 감정을) 불러일으키다
hatred	An intense dislike or ill will	intense dislike	증오
Cheer up	To start feel happy again / To become cheerful	start feeling happy again / become cheerful	기운을 내다
Calm down	To become less agitated or upset	Relax	진정되다, 가라앉다
Cool off	To become less hot or angry	Chill out	진정해지다, 차분해지다
Chill out	To relax completely	Take it easy	화를 누그러뜨리다, 열을 식히다, 긴장을 풀다
Cool down	To lower temperature or become less angry	Calm down	화를 누그러뜨리다
Settle down	To become calm or to establish a stable life	Get comfortable	진정하다
Simmer down	To calm down gradually	Relax slowly	흥분을 가라앉히다
Take it easy	To relax and not stress	Chill out	진정하다

가족​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Get together (with ~)	To meet and spend time with each other	Meet up (with ~)	만나서 함께 시간을 보내다
Find out ~ / Find ~ out	To discover some information	Learn (about) ~	~을 알아내다, 발견하다
genealogy	The study of family history and lineage	family history	계보, 족보
Take after ~	To resemble or behave like an older family member	Resemble ~	(외모, 성격이) ~을 닮다
Look like ~	To physically resemble an older family member	Resemble ~	(외모가) ~을 닮다
Get along (with ~)	To have a positive relationship with ~	Be friendly (with ~)	~와 잘 지내다.
Run away	To leave a place, usually one's home, because of negative circumstances	Escape	부정적 환경 떄문에 집을 떠나다, 가출하다
upbringing	The way a child is raised and educated by their parents or guardians	the way a child is raised	양육, 성장 과정
Go against ~	To disagree or be opposed to ~	Disagree with ~	~에 반대하다
End up ~	For something to eventually happen	Eventually become ~	결국 ~하게 되다
Cut off ~	To separate or block someone from something that they previously had access to	Isolate ~	~을 끊어내다, 잘라 버리다
Get it together	to do things sensibly and not foolishly	to be organized and focused	~를 어리석지 않게 합리적으로 잘 해내다

연애/사랑​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
right off the bat	Immediately, without delay	Immediately	즉시, 지체 없이
from the get-go	From the very beginning	From the start	처음부터
What are friends for	Used to express that friends are there to help each other	That's why we have friends	친구 좋다는게 뭐니
Turn someone down	To reject or refuse someone	Reject someone	거절하다
Go out (with ~)	To date ~	Date someone	~와 사귀다
Cheat on ~	To have a sexual relationship with someone other than your partner	Be unfaithful to ~	다른 사람과 성적 관계를 갖다, 바람 피다
Settle down	To start live a steady life	Start a stable life	정착해서 안정된 삶을 살기 시작하다
Break up (with ~)	To end a romanctic relationship with ~	End a relationship with ~	~와 헤어지다
Fall in love (with ~)	To have a deep romantic feeling (with ~)	Develop romantic feelings for ~	~와 사랑에 빠지다
Fall for ~	To fall in love with ~	Fall in love with ~	~와 사랑에 빠지다
Hit it off (with ~)	To get along with ~	Become good friends quickly (with ~)	(~와) 사이좋게 지내다
Drift apart	To become less close	Grow apart	서서히 사이가 멀어지다
Talk ~ out	To talk about ~ in order to settle a disagreement or misunderstanding	Discuss ~ to resolve a problem	~에 대해 대화로 해결하려고 하다
green-eyed	Jealous or envious	Jealous	질투하는
black market	An illegal market where goods are bought and sold	Illegal market	암시장
gray area	An unclear situation or area where the rules are not clear	Unclear situation	불분명한 상황
in the red	Losing money or in debt	Losing money	적자 상태인
in the black	Making a profit or not in debt	Making money	흑자
in the pink	In very good health	Very healthy	매우 건강한
Move in with ~	To start living in the same home with ~	Live together with ~	~와 동거를 시작하다
Split up (with ~)	To end a relationship (with ~)	End a relationship (with ~)	~와 헤어지다
Pick up ~ / Pick ~ up	To start a romantic relationship with ~	Start dating ~	~를 꼬시다
Hit on ~	To flirt with ~	Flirt with ~	~를 꼬시다
Make up (with ~)	To be reconceiled (with ~)	Reconcile (with ~)	~와 화해하다
Wear down ~ / Wear ~ down	To tire ~	Tire ~ out	~를 피곤하게 하다
Get over ~	To recover from a difficult and bad experience / To stop being bothered by ~	Recover from ~	~를 극복하다, 불행을 잊다, 이별한 연인을 잊다
Be hung up on ~	To be extremely interested in ~ and constantly thinking about ~	Be obsessed with ~	~에 집착하다, 매달리다
Ask ~ out	To invite ~ out on a date	Invite ~ on a date	~에게 데이트 신청하다
Open up (to ~)	To talk more about oneself or one's feelings comfortably	Share one's feelings (to ~)	마음을 열고 편하게 대하다
Hang out	To spend time relaxing or socializing	Spend time together	시간을 함께 보내다

우정​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Catch up with ~	To share recent news about each other	Share recent news	서로의 최근 소식을 나누다
Help out ~ / Help ~ out	To help ~ by doing something	Assist ~	도움이 필요한 ~를 도와주다
Let down ~ / Let ~ down	To disappoint ~	Disappoint ~	~를 실망시키다
Keep up with ~	To remain in contact with	Stay in contact with ~	~와 계속 연락하며 지내다
Turn against ~	To become hostile toward ~	Become hostile to ~	~에게 등을 돌리다
Fall out (with ~)	To stop having a good relationship over an argument	Stop being friends (with ~)	(~와) 싸워서 사이가 틀어지다
Put down ~ / Put ~ down	To make someone look stupid	Insult ~	~를 깎아내리다, 깔아뭉개다, 바보로 만들다
Look down on ~	To treat ~ as an inferior person	Treat ~ as inferior	~를 깔보다, 얕보다
Put up with ~	To tolerate ~	Tolerate ~	~를 참아내다
Turn one's back on ~	To ignore ~	Ignore ~	~에게 등을 돌리다, ~를 무시하다
Grow apart (from ~)	To become lesss close as time goes by	Become less close (to ~)	시간이 지나면서 ~와 점점 사이가 멀어지다
Catch fire	To start bunning	Start burning	불이 나다
Catch hell	To be criticized severely	Be severely criticized	심하게 꾸중 듣다, 크게 혼나다
Catch lighting in a bottle	To succeed very luckily	Succeed luckily	아주 운 좋게 성공하다
Long story short	To summarize something briefly	Summarize briefly	간단히 말해서
in a nutshell	To summarize something briefly	Summarize briefly	간단히 말해서

운동/건강​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Get in shape	To become more physically fit	Become more fit	몸매를 가꾸다, 건강해지다
Work out	To do exercise	Exercise	운동하다
rejuvenated	To feel more energetic and refreshed	Feel more energetic	활력이 넘치는
Go out	(With the body or utilities) When something stops functioning or does not function properly	Stop functioning	(신체나 설비 등이) 맛이 가버리다, 나가다
Put on (weight)	To gain (weight)	Gain (weight)	살찌다
Warm up	To do easy exercise or practice to prepare the body or mind for exercise or learning	Prepare the body/mind	준비운동 하다, 몸을 풀다
Keep off (weight) / Keep (weight) off	To not increase one's weight / To not add weight to something	Not gain weight	(체중을) 유지하거나 감량하다 / 무언가에 무게가 덜 실리게 하다
Go on (a diet)	To begin (a diet or nutriotional plan)	Begin (a diet)	(다이어트 또는 식단을) 시작하다
Take up ~ / Take ~ up	To begin doing a hobby or sport	Begin (a hobby/sport)	(취미나 운동을) 시작하다
Stick to ~	To continue doing ~ even if it is difficult	Continue (doing ~)	힘들어도 계속 ~를 하다
Cool down	To do light stretching after strenuous exercise	To relax the body after exercise	격렬한 운동 후 가벼운 마무리 운동을 하다
strenuous	Requiring great effort and energy	Requiring great effort	격렬한, 힘든
Take it slow	to do something carefully and gradually	Do something carefully	~를 조심스레 서서히 조금씩 하다

질병​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
sinuses	The hollow spaces in the bones around the nose	Hollow spaces around the nose	부비동, 코곁굴
Good grief!	An expression of surprise or shock	Expression of surprise	세상에! / 맙소사!
It keeps getting worse	A phrase used to describe a situation that is continuously deteriorating	Continuously getting worse	점입가경이네
Go around	To spread or be contagious	Spread (contagious)	(질병이) 퍼지다
Be/Get stuffed up	To be/get congested	Be congested	(코가) 막히다
Come down with ~	To become sick with an illness	Become sick with ~	병에 걸려 아프다
Come back	To return	Return	돌아오다 / 테스트 결과가 나오다
strep throat	A bacterial infection that causes a sore throat	Bacterial sore throat	연쇄상구균 인두염
Pass out	To faint	Faint	기절하다
fumes	Strong, unpleasant, and often dangerous smells or gases	Strong unpleasant gases	유독 가스
Throw up	To vomit	Vomit	토하다
Break out in ~	To show signs of a rash	Show rash	두드러기나 발진 등이 생기다
hives	A skin condition characterized by red, itchy welts	Red itchy skin welts	두드러기
red spots	Small red marks on the skin	Small red marks	붉은 반점
Swell up	For a body part to swell as a result of infection or injury	Body part becomes swollen	(감염이나 부상으로 인해) 부어오르다
Fight off ~ / Fight ~ off	To resist illness or infection	Resist illness/infection	(병이나 감염을) 싸워 이겨내다
go around in circles	To keep doing the same thing without making any progress	Keep doing the same thing	제자리걸음하다
what goes around comes around	A saying that means the way you treat others will eventually come back to you	Treat others how you want to be treated	자업자득이다
nauseous	Feeling like you are going to vomit	Feeling like vomiting	메스꺼운
over-the-counter madicine	Medicine that can be bought without a prescription	Medicine without prescription	일반의약품

운전​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
blinker	A device on a vehicle that indicates the direction of a turn	Turn signal on a vehicle	방향 지시등
Buckle up	To fasten a seatbelt when getting in a car	Fasten your seatbelt	안전벨트를 매다
Buckle up	To prepare oneself mentally for a difficult situation	Get ready for a challenge	마음 단단히 먹고 준비하다
Back up	To go in reverse while driving	Move backward	후진하다
Back up	To repeat something that is unclear	Repeat what was said	다시 말하다
Back into ~	To drive in reverse into ~	Reverse into something	~에 후진으로 들어가다
Pull (out) onto ~	(When driving) To drive onto another roadway	Enter another road	길에서 빠져나와 다른 길로 들어서다
Speed up	To go or drive faster	Increase speed	더 빨리 가다 / 운전하다
Pull (out) into	To arrive at a particular place or drive a vehicle to a particular place	Arrive at a location	(어떤 특정 장소나 길로) 차를 몰고 들어가다
Fill up	To fill (tires with air) / To Fill (a car with gas)	Inflate tires / Add gas to a car	타이어에 공기를 넣다 / 차에 기름을 넣다
Slow down (~)	To drive or go slower	Decrease speed	더 천천히 운전하다 / 가다
Cut in	(When driving) To drive into a parrallel lane and get in front of another car	Move in front of another car	(운전할 때) 끼어들다
Pull over	To drive a vehicle to the side of the road	Move to the side of the road	길가에 차를 세우다
Pull up	For a vehicle to come to a stop at its destination	Stop at a location	(차가) 목적지에 도착하여 멈추다
Pull out	For a vehicle to leave	Leave a location	(차가) 떠나다 / 출발하다
hit the road	to leave a place usually in a vehicle	to depart	어떤 곳을 떠나다
a wild ride	an exciting or unpredictable experience	an adventurous experience	신나고 예측 불가능한 경험
reorganization	the act of organizing a company, business, or system in a new way to make it operate more effectively	restructuring a company or system	구조조정
be prepared to ~	to be ready to do something	to be ready for something	~할 준비가 되어 있다
the shoulder of the road	the area at the side of a road where vehicles can stop in an emergency	the side area of a road	도로의 갓길
aggressive driving	driving in a way that is forceful or hostile, often involving speeding or risky maneuvers	forceful or risky driving	난폭운전

기계​

The system was acting up all morning, and eventually it broke down. Now it's out of order.

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
Break down	To suddenly stop functioning	To stop working	고장 나다
Be out of order	To stop working properly	To not function correctly	고장 나다
Roll down (the window)	To open a car window	To lower the window	자동차 창문을 내리다
Hook ~ up (to ~)	To connect ~ to a power source or the Internet	To connect something	~를 전원에 연결하다 / ~를 인터넷에 연결하다
Act up	To not function properly	To malfunction	(기계 등이) 제대로 작동 안 하다
Turn off ~ / Turn ~ off	To power off ~ / To unplug ~	To power down something / To disconnect something	(전자제품이나 기계를) 끄다
Turn on ~ / Turn ~ on	To power up/on ~	To power up something	(전자제품이나 기계를) 켜다
Roll up (the window)	To close a car window	To raise the window	자동차 창문을 올리다
Turn up ~ / Turn ~ up	To increase/raise (the volume of the TV, music, etc.)	To increase something	(TV, 음악 등의) 볼륨을 올리다
Turn down ~ / Turn ~ down	To lower (the volume of the TV, music, etc.)	To decrease something	(TV, 음악 등의) 볼륨을 줄이다
Acting up	Behaving badly or inappropriately	Misbehaving	(사람이) 버릇없이 굴다 / 문제 행동을 하다
electrical outlet	A socket that provides electricity to plug in devices	Power socket	콘센트
affluent	Having a lot of money and possessions	Wealthy	부유한
disparity	A large of noticable difference, especially one seen as unfair	Inequality	격차
theorize	To form a set of ideas about something	To speculate	이론을 세우다
disadvantaged	(of a person or area) not having favorable circumstances with regard to education, financial opportunities, etc.	Underprivileged	불리한 입장에 있는

• act up = 불안정, 간헐적 말썽 (아직 살아 있음) 🚨
• break down = 안에서 무너짐 (붕괴) 💥
• be out of order = 사용 금지 팻말 (질서/운영에서 제외) 🚫

ETC​

과거​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
throwback	a person or thing that has the characteristics of an earlier time	a person or thing with characteristics of an earlier time	(과거의) 복고풍, 회귀
dwell on	to think, speak, or write a lot about a particular subject, especially one that has caused negativity	think, speak, or write a lot about a particular subject	~에 대해 오래 생각하거나 이야기하다
upend	to turn something upside down; to greatly affect or upset something	turn upside down; greatly affect or upset	~를 뒤집다; ~에 큰 영향을 주다
cusp	the point of transition from one state to another	point of transition	(상태의) 전환점
transpire	to happen or take place	happen or take place	일어나다, 발생하다
referendum	a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision	general vote on a political question	국민투표
oblivion	the state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening around one	state of being unaware	망각

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
standpoint	a particular attitude or way of considering a matter	perspective	관점, 시각
engineering standpoint	a perspective related to the field of engineering	engineering perspective	공학적 관점
testmonial	a formal statement testifying to someone's character and qualifications	recommendation	추천서, 증언
monetize	to convert into or express in the form of currency	generate revenue	수익을 창출하다
regimen	a systematic plan or course of action, especially for health	routine	(건강을 위한) 규칙적인 계획
exfoliate	to remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin	peel off dead skin	각질 제거하다
plumper	something that makes something else fuller or rounder	fuller	더 풍성하게 하는 것
Take care of ~	To do what needs to be done to maintain or support something	maintain	무언가를 좋은 상태로 유지하기 위해 해야할 일을 지속적으로 하다
Take off ~ / Take ~ off	To remove something, typically something that covers something else	remove	~를 덮고 있던 것을 없애다
Scrub off ~ / Scrub ~ off	To remove something by scrubbing	clean by scrubbing	~를 문질러서 없애다
spareribs	a cut of pork ribs that is typically cooked by grilling or barbecuing	pork ribs	돼지 갈비
Put on ~ / Put ~ on	To apply a substance	apply	무언가를 바르다
Pat on ~ / Pat ~ on	TO apply something by gently patting	gently apply	~를 살짝 두드리면서 흡수시키듯 바르다
frosting	a light, sweet coating spread on cakes or pastries	icing	(케이크 위에 바르는) 설탕 코팅
serum	a liquid substance, often used in skincare, that is absorbed into the skin	skincare liquid	(피부에 흡수되는) 스킨케어 액체
Sink in	When a substance is absorbed	absorbed into the skin or surface	스며들다
Leave on ~ / Leave ~ on	To keep something on for a period time	keep on	(어떤 일정 시간동안) 그대로 놔두다
Rinse off ~ / Rinse ~ off	To remove something with water	wash away with water	~를 물로 씻어내다
esthetician	a specialist in the cleansing, beautifying, and promoting of health of the skin	skincare specialist	피부 미용 전문가
Seal in ~	To prevent a substance or quality from escaping or being lost	lock in	~가 새지 않도록 밀봉하다
soapsuds	the frothy bubbles formed when soap is mixed with water	soap bubbles	비누 거품
let that sink in	to allow something to be fully understood or absorbed	fully understand	(무언가를) 완전히 이해하다
oily skin	skin that produces excess sebum, leading to a shiny appearance	greasy skin	지성 피부
normal skin	skin that is neither too oily nor too dry	balanced skin	중성 피부
dry skin	skin that lacks moisture and may feel tight or flaky	dehydrated skin	건성 피부
combination skin	skin that has both oily and dry areas	mixed skin	복합성 피부
acne-prone skin	skin that is more likely to develop acne	skin likely to get acne	여드름이 잘 나는 피부
dorsiflexion	the action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin	foot raised upwards	발등 굽힘

Vocabulary & Expressions​

Term/Expression	Definition	Simpler Paraphrase	Meaning
boom	a period of great wealth or fast growth	rapid growth	호황, 급성장
consignment store	a store that sells goods on behalf of the owner	resale shop	중고품 위탁 판매점
exquisite	extremely beautiful and delicate	very beautiful	매우 아름다운
Dress up	To dress formally	to wear formal clothes	옷을 차려입다
Put on ~ / Put ~ on	To wear ~	to wear ~	(옷을) 입다 / (신발을) 신다 / (모자, 안경을) 쓰다 / (향수를) 뿌리다
casual gathering	an informal meeting or party	informal meeting	격식 없는 모임
Button up ~ / Button ~ up	To fasten ~ with buttons	to fasten with buttons	~의 단추를 잠그다
Roll up ~	To fold up one's sleeves	to fold sleeves	(옷소매를) 걷어 올리다
Tuck in ~ / Tuck ~ in	To push the end of the shirt into the pants	to push shirt into pants	(셔츠 등을 바지 안으로) 집어넣다
Fade away	To gradually disappear	to disappear slowly	(색이) 바래다 / (유행 등이) 시들해지다
Grow out of ~	To become too big for ~	to become too big	(자라서 옷이나 신발이) 작아서 더 이상 안 맞게 되다
brand-name products	products made by well-known companies	designer products	유명 브랜드 제품
Fit in(to) ~	To have enough space	to be comfortable in ~	(옷 등의 사이즈가) 맞다
Zip up ~ / Zip ~ up	To close with a zipper	to close with a zipper	(옷의) 지퍼를 채우다
wedding gown	a formal dress worn by a bride at her wedding	bridal dress	웨딩드레스
Take off ~ / Take ~ off	To remove clothes or shoes from one's body	to remove clothes or shoes	(옷, 신발 등을) 벗다
Try on ~ / Try ~ on	To try to put on clothes or shoes to find out if they are the right size	to test clothes or shoes	(사이즈 등이 맞는지 보려고) 입거나 신어 보다
Throw on ~ / Throw ~ on	To put on clothes quickly and carelessly	to put on quickly	생각없이 빨리 아무 옷이나 걸치다
Have on ~ / Have ~ on	To ware ~	to ware ~	~를 입다 / 입고 있다
be in style	to be fashionable	to be trendy	유행하고 있다
out of style,trend	not fashionable	not trendy	한물간
Dress up like	To imitate the way someone dresses	to imitate someone's style	~를 흉내내서 옷을 입다
Roll up one's sleeves	To get ready to work hard	to prepare to work hard	소매를 걷어붙이다

• I just threw on the first thing I found this morning.